Persifor Frazer papers, 1882-1906

Mss.B.F867

Date: 1882-1906 | Size: 1 Linear feet, c. 220 items in 2 boxes

Abstract

The letters to Persifor Frazer cover primarily matters related to geology and mineralogy. A portion of the correspondence, principally from British scientists, concerns the 1884 meeting in Philadelphia of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (B F867).

Background note

Persifor Frazer (1844–1909, APS 1872) was a geologist and handwriting expert. He participated in geological surveys for the United States and for Pennsylvania and, after 1870, held the chair in chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania. He also published a manual on handwriting and, as a specialist in the identification of forged documents, served as an expert witness in several high profile trials. Persifor Frazer, also known as Persifor, Jr., was the only son of the Philadelphia scientist and educator John Fries Frazer (1812–1872, APS 1842) and his wife Charlotte Cave Frazer. He attended private schools before enrolling at the University of Pennsylvania, receiving his B.A. in 1862.

Frazer enlisted in the Union Army at the beginning of the Civil War. He served in the United States Coast Survey and was assigned to a South Atlantic squadron under Samuel F. DuPont (1803-1865, APS 1862). Later, he volunteered to fight in the Gettysburg campaign; and in 1864 became the acting ensign attached to the Mississippi Squadron. In 1865, after his honorable discharge, Frazer was granted a semi-honorary A.M. degree from the University of Pennsylvania.

Frazer studied chemistry in Philadelphia for six months before enrolling in the Royal Saxon School of Mines in Freiburg, Germany. He remained there for three years, focusing on the study of mineralogy and related subjects. In 1869 he was selected to serve as mineralogist and metallurgist to the United States Geological Survey, led by Ferdinand V. Hayden. In this capacity, he completed a report on Mining and Mineralogy of Colorado and Wyoming. In 1870 he became an instructor at the University of Pennsylvania; the next year he succeeded his father as Professor of Chemistry.

In 1874 Frazer resigned from his faculty position to join the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, under the leadership of J. Peter Lesley (1819-1903, APS 1856). During his eight years with the Survey, he published a highly regarded report primarily on the southeastern counties of the state. In 1881 Frazer was the General Manager of the Central Virginia Iron Company. He was a founder of the American Geologist which he edited from 1888 to 1905. In 1889 he accepted an appointment as Professor of Chemistry of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. Two years later he became the Chair of Chemistry at the Franklin Institute. Frazer was a member of the American committee at the International Congress of Geologists three times: in Berlin (1885), London (1888), and St. Petersburg (1897). He also worked as a consulting metallurgist, geologist and mining engineer. In this capacity he traveled to different places in North America and abroad.

In later years, Frazer turned his attention to the study of handwriting, and soon became a widely respected expert in the field. In the course of his studies, he visited Aphonse Bertillon, the eminent French police officer and biometrics researcher. In 1894 Frazer published the highly regarded book A Manual for the Study of Documents (later re-titled Bibliotics; or, the Study of Documents …), which was intended to assist in the detection of forged handwriting. His main contribution to the field consisted in his recognition that fine tremors in handwriting could be detected under a microscope, and that these tremors were linked to the nerve state of the writer. A close comparison of tremors in different writing samples could help detect forgeries. Frazer's expertise soon attracted the attention of lawyers. He was asked to serve as an expert witness in several high-profile trials, such as the 1899 murder trial of Roland B. Molineux of New York City. Based on his experiences in these trials, including his dismissal from a case for his refusal to swear to his belief in the existence of God, Frazer wrote the article "Expert Testimony: Its Uses and Abuses" (1902). In it he attacked the ways in which expert witnesses were generally treated by judges on the bench. The City of Philadelphia awarded him the John Scott Medal in 1906 for his invention of the colorimeter which measured the intensity and color value of ink in handwriting.

Frazer's scholarly output numbered around 300 titles. He also belonged to numerous learned and patriotic organizations. He was a founder of the Society of American Geologists and the Franklin Institute Journal. Other affiliations include, but are not limited to, the Academy of Natural Sciences, the Society of American Geologists, the Military Order of the Loyal Legion, the General and Pennsylvania Society of Sons of the Revolution, the Society of the War of 1812, the Society of Colonial Wars of Pennsylvania, the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the New York Academy of Science, and the Reichsanstalt of Vienna. He became a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1872, serving as its secretary from 1896 to 1898.

Persifor Frazer was married to Isabella Nevins Whelen. They had four children, three of whom lived to adulthood. He died on April 7, 1909, the day that the Pennsylvania State Senate passed a bill that allowed agnostics to testify as competent witnesses on affirmation.

Scope and content

The collection contains 213 manuscript items, 4 pamphlets, 1 broadside, 6 newspaper clippings and 1 calling card. They are dated between 1882 and 1906. Most of the material is in English, but there are also a few items in French and German. A typed table of contents is included in the box.

Many of the manuscript letters (156) are correspondence from various persons, mostly British, to Persifor Frazer, pertaining to the 1884 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, which was held in Philadelphia. All were written between June and September of 1884.

A good number of the items reflect Frazer's interest in mineralogy and geology. They include a sizeable body of letters from Thomas Sterry Hunt, as well as the letters by James Hall and Joseph Leidy. They concern the examination of specimens, relevant publications, and the correspondents' research. The letters by James Geikie tend to focus on current events and personal matters; they often have a light tone (as in the letter of October 14, 1885, which begins "My dear Chieftain" and goes on to tell Frazer about Geikie's trip to the Highlands, where he indulged "in bagpipe music, whiskey, venison, and flirtations with the ladies").

The collection also includes several letters by Ernst Heinrich Haeckel, all in German. Several of them refer to Haeckel's book Weltraethsel. Also included is a letter in which Haeckel informs Frazer of his inability to attend the celebrations in honor of the 200th anniversary of Franklin's birthday, held at the APS in 1906.

Collection Information

Physical description

c. 220 items.

Provenance

C. 150 items were purchased and accessioned, 1957 (1957 731ms). Other accession numbers and dates: 1957 156ms (2 items; formerly B F867.1; B F867.2); 1958 2254ms (1 item; formerly B F867.3); 1958 2255ms (1 item; formerly B F867.4); 1958 2256ms (1 item; formerly B F867.5); 1958 2257ms (1 item; formerly B F867.6); 1958 2258ms (1 item; formerly B F867.7); 1958 2259ms (1 item; formerly B F867.8); 1958 2260ms; (48 items; Letters from various persons, 1883-1885; formerly B F867.9).

Related material

For papers of his father John Fries Frazer, see B F865. For papers of his grandfather Robert Frazer, see B F868.

Indexing Terms


Corporate Name(s)

  • American Association for the Advancement of Science

Subject(s)

  • Science -- Societies, etc.
  • Scientists -- Great Britain.


Detailed Inventory

 Papers
  
B F867.2 Bertrand, C.-Eg. (Charles Eugène), 1851-1917.
Botanical memorandum
June 28, 18825-1/4x8-1/4

A.D.S. 1p. Formerly B F867.2.

Provenance: 1957 156ms

General physical description: 5-1/4x8-1/4

B F867.1 Bertrand, C.-Eg. (Charles Eugène), 1851-1917.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 5, 18828-1/4x5-1/4; stamped env.

Lille, A.L.S. 1p.and add. In French. Sends his portrait. Formerly B F867.1.

Provenance: 1957 156ms

General physical description: 8-1/4x5-1/4; stamped env.

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
February 8, 18835-1/2x5

Montreal, A.L.S. 3p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Congratulates him on his thesis. Concerning geology. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 5-1/2x5

B F867.9 Geikie, James, 1839-1915.
Cablegram to [Persifor] Frazer, Philadelphia
February 23, 18835x8

London, D. 1p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Tells him to stop his paper. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 5x8

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
April 30, 18837x4-1/2

New York, A.L.S. 4p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning geology of New York. Asks that trousers he left behind be forwarded to him. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 7x4-1/2

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
May 16, 18837-3/4x4-3/4

Montreal, A.L.S. 6p. Enc. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Geology of New York. Geological matters. Concerning Geikie. For enclosure, see: Hunt to P.Frazer; May 16, [1883]. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 7-3/4x4-3/4

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
May 16, [1883]7-3/4x4-3/4

Montreal, A.L.S. 2p. (see P. Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning the meetings of the B.A.A.S. and the A.A.A.S. Concerning natural water. Enclosed originally in: same to same; May 16, 1883. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 7-3/4x4-3/4

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 23, 18839-3/4x6

Montreal, A.L.S. 4p. (see P. Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning the meeting of the American and British geologists. Concerning Geikie. Friendly letter. Concerning the Canadian royal society. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 9-3/4x6

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to [Persifor] Frazer
July 6, 18835-1/2x5

Montreal, A.L. 4p. Incomplete. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning geology. Concerning the A.A.A.S. Concerning Geikie. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 5-1/2x5

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
September 1, 18835-1/2x5

Montreal, A.L.S. 4p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Geological news. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 5-1/2x5

B F867.9 Hall, James, 1811-1898.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
September 18, 188311x8-1/2

Albany, A.L.S. 4p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning slates and the analysis of fossils on them. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 11x8-1/2

B F867.9 Hall, James, 1811-1898.
Letter to [Persifor Frazer]
September 22, 18839-1/2x6

Albany, A.L.S. 1p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning fossils. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 9-1/2x6

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
November 5, [1883]7-3/4x4-3/4

Montreal, A.L.S. 4p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons. 1883-1885.) Geological matters for Frazer's forthcoming publication. Concerning the A.A.A.S. and B.A.A.S. meetings. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 7-3/4x4-3/4

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to F[rederick] W[ard] Putnam
December 3, 18837-3/4x5

Montreal, A.L.S. 2p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning the forthcoming meeting of the A.A.A.S. Refers to P.Frazer, et al. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 7-3/4x5

B F867.9 Hall, James, 1811-1898.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
January 16, 18849-1/2x6

Albany, A.L.S. 1p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning fossils. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 9-1/2x6

B F867.9 Hall, James, 1811-1898.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
January 17, 18849-1/2x6

Albany, A.L.S. 1p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning fossils. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 9-1/2x6

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
January 30, 18848-1/2x5-1/2

Boston, A.L.S. 6p. (see P. Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Geology. Concerning the forthcoming meeting of the A.A.A.S. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 8-1/2x5-1/2

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
February 28, 18846x5

Boston, A.L.S. 8p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning the forthcoming A. A. A. S.. meeting and the B.A.A.S.members who may attend. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 6x5

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
March 2, 18848x5

Boston, A.L.S. 6p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning the forthcoming meeting of the A.A.A.S. and the B.A.A.S. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 8x5

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
March 3, 18846x5

Boston, A.L.S. 7p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning the invitation from the A.A.A.S. to the B.A.A.S. for the forthcoming meeting. Concerning geology. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 6x5

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
March 6, 18846x5

Montreal, A.L.S. 7p. (see P.Frazer Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning the A.A.A.S.-B.A.A.S.meeting in Philadelphia. Concerning Pennsylvania geology. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 6x5

B F867.9 Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891.
Letter to [Persifor] Frazer
March 25, 18848x5

A.L.S. 1p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning fossil diatoms. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 8x5

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
March 27, 18846x5

Montreal, A.L.S. 2p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Will see him shortly. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 6x5

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
March 27, 18846x5

Montreal, A.L.S. 4p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning the A.A.A.S.-B.A.A.S.meeting and plans for it. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 6x5

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
April 6, [1884]6x5

Montreal, A.L.S. 4p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) His plans for the next few days. Hopes to help plan the A.A.A.S.-B.A.A.S. meetings. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 6x5

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
April 11, 18848-1/2x5-1/2

Boston, A.L.S. 2p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning the Canadian geological survey. Friendly letter. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 8-1/2x5-1/2

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
April 17, 18846x5

Washington, A.L.S. 2p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Will be in Philadelphia this week-end. Concerning his business there. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 6x5

B F867.9 Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
May 1, 18843x5

A.L.S.on postal card. 1p.and add. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning a mastodon tusk. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 3x5

 Foster, Le Neve.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
May 24, 1884 

Asks about Frazer's planned excursion to Colorado.

 Beverley, Michael.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 7, 1884 

Plans to attend meetin of the American Association.

 Horniman, Frederick John.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 7, 1884Letter, 2 calling cards.

Plans to attend American Association meeting.

 Martin, John B..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 7, 1884 

Regarding a paragraph that appears in the "Times" today. Hopes to be able to attend meeting.

 Salt, Shirley H..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 9, 1884 

Hopes to be able to attend the meeting.

 Perry, A.J..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 12, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting.

 Ransom, Edwin.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 13, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting.

 Rayleigh, Clara.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 13, 1884 

She and her two sons will attend the meeting. Her son Lord Rayleigh is president of the British Association.

 Butcher, W. Draur.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 14, 1884 

Hopes to be able to attend the meeting.

 Hotblacu, George S..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 14, 1884 

Will attend meeting.

 Stone, W. H. (William Henry), 1830-1891.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 15, 1884 

Hopes to attend the meeting.

B F867.9 Leidy, Joseph, 1823-1891.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 16, 18843x5

Wallingford, A.L.S.on postal card. 1p.and add. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Wants to add nothing to the "Com[mittee] on Nominations". Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 3x5

 Alger, W. H..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 16, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting.

 Burton, Frederick M..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 16, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting.

 Ramsay, William, 1852-1916.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 16, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting with his wife.

 Cooke, Conrad William, 1843-1926.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 17, 1884Letter and calling card.

Plans to attend meeting.

 McClure, J. H. (John H.).
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 17, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting.

 Moseley, H.N..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 17, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting with his wife. Dr. E.B. Tylor and wife will also attend.

 Weldon, Walter, 1832-1885.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 17, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting.

 David, A.J..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 18, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting.

 Geikie, James, 1839-1915.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 18, 1884 

He and James Grant Wilson plan to attend meeting.

 Woodcock, T..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 19, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting.

 Wright, Arthur.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 19, 1884 

He and the Reverend B. Wright plan to attend meeting.

 Schuster, Arthur, Sir, 1851-1934.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 20, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting.

 Thompson, Isaac Grant.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 21, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting. Will be accompanied by Prof. J.O. Lodge and Dr. Baker.

 Williams, E. Starbuck.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 21, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting.

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 22, 18847-3/4x4-3/4

Montreal, A.L.S. 4p. (see P. Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Plans to attend the unveiling of the B.Silliman statue at Yale. Accepts his invitation to stay during Sept. with the Frazers. News of friends and scientists. Refers to Hall. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 7-3/4x4-3/4

 Foster, Le Neve.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 22, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting. Inquires about Frazer's planned excursion.

 Spanton, W. Dunnett.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 22, 1884Letter and calling card.

he and Dr. J.T. Arlidge plan to attend meeting.

 Fox, Charles.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 23, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting.

 Wells, Edward.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 24, 1884 

Is requesting list of subjects to be discussed at meeting.

 Spruce, Samuel.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 25, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting.

 Cunningham, D.J..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 28, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting with his wife.

 Baynes, Robert E., 1849-1921.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 30, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting.

 Dowson, J. Emerson.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 30, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting.

 Pearson, Helen E..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 30, 1884 

She and Miss Hargreaves plan to attend meeting.

 Browne, Walter R..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 1, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting.

 Liveing, G. D. (George Downing), 1827-1924.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 1, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting.

 Nutt, Lilian M..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 2, 1884Letter and calling card.

Hopes to be able to attend meeting.

 Briggs, Arthur.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 3, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting.

 Geikie, James, 1839-1915.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 3, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting.

 Rigg, Arthur.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 3, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting (but will not be there on the 4th).

 Pullar, Robert.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 4, 1884 

Hopes to attend the meeting.

 Barker, Arthur A..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 7, 1884 

Hopes to attend the meeting.

 Westlake, Ernest, 1855-1922.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 8, 1884 

Hopes to attend the meeting.

 Ommanney, Erasmus.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 9, 1884 

Hopes to attend the meeting.

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 10, 18848x5-1/2

Montreal, A.L.S. 4p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning the B.A.A.S. Concerning geology. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 8x5-1/2

 Shadwell, John Lancelot.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 10, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting along with his brother.

 Brown, John.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 14, 1884 

Regrets that he will most likely miss the Philadelphia meeting, instead planning to visit the Rocky Mountains after the Montreal meeting.

 Peace, G. H..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 14, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting; expresses interest in visiting the coal districts.

 Robertson, Geo[rge] H..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 14, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting.

 Gwyther, R. F..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 15, 1884 

Hopes to attend the meeting.

 Bevan, J. O. (James Oliver).
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 16, 1884 

Hopes to attend the meeting.

 Jackson, Alfred H..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 16, 1884 

Hopes to attend the meeting along with his brother, Harold Jackson; discusses travel plans and hopes that the Rocky Mountain trip and Philadelphia are not mutually exclusive.

 Whittall, J..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 16, 1884 

Whittall, Secretary of the Statistical Society, writing to inform Frazer that Major Patrick G. Craigie and Mr. John B. Martin have been appointed as delegates to the Philadelphia meeting, and Martin has unofficially confirmed he plans to attend.

 Horniman, Frederick John.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 17, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting; informs Frazer of travel plans. 2 items: letter and calling card.

 Blanford, W. T. (William Thomas), 1832-1905.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 18, 1884 

Hopes to attend the meeting.

 Woodall, John W..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 18, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting.

 Cooke, Conrad William, 1843-1926.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 19, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting.

 Godson, Alfred.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 19, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting, along with Taylor Whitehead and his son.

 Westwood Oliver, J. A..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 19, 1884 

Hopes to attend the meeting.

 Wrightson, Thomas.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 19, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting. 2 items: letter and calling card with handwritten information.

 Hayward, Robert B..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 20, 1884 

Regretfully declines invitation, but his son and daughter will attend the meeting.

 Browne, Walter.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 21, 1884 

Regrets he will not be in attendance.

 Cotterill, Professor.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 21, 1884 

Hopes to attend the meeting; will not be accompanied by friends or family. (Written in the third person--on behalf of James H. Cotterill?)

 Hoffmann, G. M..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 21, 1884 

Handwritten note on the letterhead of Alfred R. C. Selwyn of the Geological & Natural History Survey, Dept. of the Interior, Canada.

 Arnold, Edward M..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 22, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting.

 Beverley, Michael.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 22, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting.

 Martin, John B..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 22, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting.

 Marshall, A. Milnes.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 22, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting.

 Reynolds, A. H..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 22, 1884 

Hopes to attend the meeting.

 Savery, G. M..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 22, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting, accompanied by his sister-in-law and her uncle.

 Readman, J. B..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 23, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting.

 Jackson, M..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 25, 1884 

Hopes to attend the meeting.

 Ross, A..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 25, 1884 

Discussion of possible attendees.

 Dowson, J. Emerson.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 26, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting.

B F867.9 Hall, James, 1811-1898.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 26, 18849-1/2x6

Northampton, Mass., A.L.S. 2p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Friendly letter. Plans to stay elsewhere during the A.A.A.S.meeting in Philadelphia. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 9-1/2x6

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 28, 18848x5-1/2

Montreal, A.L.S. 3p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning the B.A.A.S. members who plan to attend the A.A.A.S.meeting in Philadelphia. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 8x5-1/2

 McKendrik, John G..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 29, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting.

 Marshall, William P..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 30, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting along with his son (Dr. Marshall of Manchester).

 Saunders, Trelawney.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
July 31, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting and will talk about the census of India (which may be interesting in light of the publication of the U.S. census). May also address Biblical Geography (in communication with Rev. Dr. Clay Trumbull to discuss a possible lecture).

 King, E. M..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
[July, 1884] 

Discussion of travel plans from Liverpool to Canada and then Philadelphia for the meeting.

 Fewings, James.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 4, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting with a traveling companion.

 Stewart, George, Jr..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 7, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting along with two other couples.

 Worthington, A. W..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 7, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting; is attempting to arrange for his daughter to attend as well.

 Gisborne, F. N..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 8, 1884 

2 items: Plans to attend the meeting with his wife (Canadian Government Telegraph Service letterhead); requests hotel information (small card).

 Heath, Thomas.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 10, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting.

B F867.9 Hall, James, 1811-1898.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 11, 188410x7-3/4

Gloucester, Mass., A.L.S. 1p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Will go to Montreal to meet the B.A.A.S. and then to Philadelphia to meet the A.A.A.S. Will send one or two papers this fall. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 10x7-3/4

 Brown, John.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 11, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting, accompanied by his wife.

 Hubbet, R. G..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 11, 1884 

2 items: Letter stating intent to attend the meeting (on British Association for the Advancement of Science Montreal Meeting letterhead) and an envelope with Frazer's pre-printed address.

 Ravenstein, Ernest, 1834-1913.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 13, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting; his wife will also attend.

 Carver, Alfred J..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 14, 1884 

2 items. Calling card for Rev. Canon Carver, D.D. (with handwritten note: "lately "Master of Dulwich College"") and a letter communicating his intention to attend the meeting along with his wife and daughters Constance and Ethel.

 Nutt, Lilian M..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 14, 1884 

Apologizes that she will not, in fact, be able to accept the invitation.

 Woodall, John W..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 14, 1884 

Handwritten letter re: Mr. Laughton's invitation.

 King, E. M..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 15, 1884 

Plans to attend the meting with another woman. If papers may be read, she would be happy to present on the subject of "rational dress" with a scientific slant.

 Barker, Jessie M..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 16, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting with a friend.

 Dallinger, W. H. (William Henry).
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 16, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting.

 Craigie, P. G..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 17, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting. Craigie's letter, written in ink, is followed on the same sheet by a penciled note by another author (Frank M. Etting?).

 Mulhall, Michael G..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 17, 1884 

Mulhall, a statistician, plans to attend the meeting along with his wife (also a member of the British Association and author of "Between the Amazon and the Andes").

 Pim, Bedford.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 18, 1884 

Plans to attend meeting and has finalized his list of six traveling companions.

 Pim, Bedford.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 19, 1884 

Two pages: A note that Pim fears his letter of the 18th may not have been received, and a substantive copy of same (noting his intention to attend the meeting along with guests).

 Brown, John.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 20, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting.

 Briggs, Arthur.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 21, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting.

 Loudon, J..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 23, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting.

 Harley, George.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 25, 1884 

Will be unable to attend the meeting.

 Stewardson, J. H..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 26, 1884 

2 items: A note on letterhead that Stewardson has enclosed information for attending members is enclosed; a separate sheet lists Benjamin Francis Conn Costelloe's degrees, posts, address.

 Brown, H. Binney.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 26, 1884 

Hopes to attend the meeting.

 Baker, John.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 27, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting.

 Dobson, G. E..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 27, 1884 

Regretfully declines the invitation, as he will be in the Rocky Mountains and won't visit Philadelphia until the middle of September.

 Seville, Thomas.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 27, 1884 

Schedule only permits a brief visit near the close of the meeting, so rooms need not be held for Seville and his wife.

 Weldon, Walter, 1832-1885.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 27, 1884 

2 items: calling card and a letter thanking Frazer for the rooms reserved at the Continental Hotel.

 Worthington, A. W..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 27, 1884 

Travel plans do not permit him to visit Philadelphia so soon after the Montreal conference, and has advised the hotel he and his daughter will not be using the rooms reserved.

 Briggs, Arthur.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 28, 1884 

Discuss plans to meet.

 Dowling, J. F..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 28, 1884 

Plans to attend, apologizes for the late notice, and requests to stay with his friend Samuel Spruce.

 Marshall, A. Milnes.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 28, 1884 

Thanks for arranging for rooms at the Continental, hopes to arrive for the opening of the meeting.

 Ommanney, Erasmus.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 28, 1884 

2 items: calling card (with "CB" and "FRS" added by hand) and a note declining the invitation.

 Pegler, Alfred.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 28, 1884 

2 items: envelope and note acknowledging hotel booking and inquiring whether he must pay expenses or if he is a guest.

 Pullar, Robert.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 28, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting.

 Pullar, Rufus D..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 28, 1884 

Plans to attend and will advise the Continental Hotel what dates he will need his room.

 Salt, Shirley H..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 28, 1884 

Has been in contact with the hotel regarding her arrival date.

 Spanton, W. Dunnett.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 28, 1884 

Will be unable to attend as Mr. [Ailidge?] must return to England sooner than expected.

 Spruce, Samuel.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 28, 1884 

Hopes to attend along with Dowling (a recent member of the B.A.A.)

 Cooke Taylor, R. W..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 28, 1884 

Appreciates the arrangements, arrival will now be delayed until the 7th or 8th.

 Trail, James W. H..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 28, 1884 

Regrets that he and his wife will not be able to attend the meeting as previously expected.

 Carver, Alfred J..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 29, 1884 

Travel and lodging arrangement at the Colonnade Hotel for Carver, his wife, and two daughters for the meeting.

 Durham, Thomas.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 29, 1884 

Traveling with his daughter, not wife; requests that this be corrected with the hotel.

 Fewings, James.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 29, 1884 

Will arrive with a friend on Monday the 8th of September and requests assistance with lodging.

 Haddon, Alfred C. (Alfred Cort.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 29, 1884 

Plans to attend and will communicate directly with the Bellevue Hotel.

 Mulhall, Michael G..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 29, 1884 

Regrets not seeing Frazer before his 8/28 departure, looks forward to seeing him in Philadelphia and has advised the Colonnade of his travel plans.

 Ommanney, Erasmus.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 29, 1884 

2 items: evelope and letter declining the invitation since, as an officer of the Association, he does not feel able to leave Montreal in time.

 Rideal, Samuel.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 29, 1884 

Plans to arrive in Philadelphia the following Thursday, and has advised the Contintental Hotel.

 Robertson, Geo[rge] H..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 29, 1884 

Declines offer of hotel room as he cannot visit Philadelphia in time for the meeting.

 Saunders, Howard.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 29, 1884 

Declines offer of hosptiality for the Philadelphia meeting.

 Spanton, W. Dunnett.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 29, 1884 

Plans to attend with a different friend (not [Ailidge?]) and their arrival and departure times are not yet fixed.

 Craigie, P. G..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 30, 1884 

Regrets missing Frazer in person, occupied with "the business of my Section "7"."

 Unidentified.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 30, 1884 

Unsigned letter regarding "hospitality" offered in Philadelphia (e.g. who will pay visitors' room and board).

 Bevan, J. O. (James Oliver).
Letter to Persifor Frazer
Friday, 1884 

Will be accepting Rev. E. Whitall's hospitality for the meeting in Philadelphia.

 King, E. M..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
[Summer, 1884] 

Requests a reply, references room 552.

 Marshall, William P..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
[Summer, 1884] 

Plans to attend the meeting, as does his son.

 Trail, James W. H..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
[Summer, 1884] 

Written on behalf of Trail and his wife, who plan to attend the meeting.

 McKendrik, John G.. Briggs, Arthur. Wrightson, Thomas.
Envelopes addressed to Persifor Frazer
[Summer, 1884] 

4 items. Envelopes addressed to Persifor Frazer. Handwritten notes regarding senders (Briggs, Wrightson, McKendrick and Mrs. H. Binney Brown?) and replies.

 Baynes, Robert E., 1849-1921.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
September 1, 1884 

Discusses logistics (5:55 PM arrival on Friday), requests that tickets to the Presidential address be given to R. Pearsall Smith (his host in Philadelphia), advises of his intention to register the following morning.

 Cotterill, James H..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
September 1, 1884 

Hotel is unnecessary, after being invited to lodge with Dr. Levick.

 Hudson, William H. H..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
September 1, 1884 

Addresses apparent discrepancy in hotel reservations, announces plans to be at the Hotel Lafayette on Wednesday or Thursday.

 Ommanney, Erasmus.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
September 1, 1884 

Will be able to attend the meeting in Philadelphia, and requests accommodations for himself and his son.

 Carver, Alfred J..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
September 2, 1884 

Carver's son (Arthur Wellington Carver) will now also be coming to the meeting.

 Le Neve Foster, C..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
September 2, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting, will accept offer of hospitality if it is still available.

 Lister, Thomas.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
September 2, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting.

 Westwood Oliver, J. A..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
September 2, 1884 

Will not be able to attend the meeting because of an excursion to the Rocky Mountains.

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
September 2, 18845-1/2x5

Montreal, A.L.S. 3p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Has been ill. Will come to Philadelphia. Concerning geologists, among whom are James Hall and James Geikie. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 5-1/2x5

 Ommanney, Erasmus.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
September 2, 1884 

Detailing travel plans to Philadelphia.

 Slattery, James W..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
September 2, 1884 

Plans to attend the meeting, requests a "good sized room with bath."

 Hayward, Robert B..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
September 3, 1884 

Writing on behalf of his brother-in-law (Rev. H. W. [Coulson]?) who has been delayed in England and thus unable to attend the meeting.

 Story, James.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
[September 3?], 1884 

Will be unable to attend the meeting.

 Taylor, C..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
September 5, 1884 

Writes to advise he has arrived in his hotel in Philadelphia (but, like some other travelers, his baggage has been delayed).

B F867.9 Leidy, Joseph, jr..
Letter to Persifor Frazier [sic]
September 6, 18846x5

Philadelphia, A.L.S. 2p. (see P.Frazer Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Thanks him for a favor. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 6x5

 Pim, Bedford.
Letter to Mrs. Persifor Frazer
September 7, 1884 

Writes to accept a dinner invitation.

 Ross, W. A..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
September 7, 1884 

2 items: calling card, letter complaining of the prices and service at the Continental Hotel.

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
September 15, 18848-1/2x5-1/2

Boston, A.L.S. 2p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Asks that his mail be forwarded to Montreal. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 8-1/2x5-1/2

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
September 26, 18846x5

Montreal, A.L.S. 6p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Friendly letter. Looks for asbestos mines. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 6x5

 Taylor, C..
Letter to Persifor Frazer
[September, 1884] 

2 items: calling card ("The Master of St. John's College" is crossed out, and "Rev. C. Taylor DD." and "Cambridge, England" written by hand), and letter stating intent to attend the meeting.

 Ommanney, Erasmus.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
October 2, 1884 

Offers thanks for hospitality while in Philadelphia, some details of his subsequent travels.

 Suess, Edward.
Abstract of address
[1884] 

Abstract of address before the Congress, per penciled note.

 Mactear, J..
Calling card
[1884?] 

Lt. Col.'s calling card, "Glasgow" added by hand.

B F867.9 Geikie, James, 1839-1915.
Letter to [Persifor] Frazer
March 14, 18857x4-1/2

Edinburgh A.L.S. 4p. (see P.Frazer. Lettres from various persons; 1883-1885.) Describes his work. Concerning current events in England. Friendly letter. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 7x4-1/2

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
April 6, 18857-3/4x5-1/4, 2-1/2x5

Montreal, A.L.S. 3p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Friendly letter. Concerning the study of mineralogy. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 7-3/4x5-1/4, 2-1/2x5

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
May 1, 18858x5-1/4

Montreal, A.L.S. 2p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning his plans for travel. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 8x5-1/4

B F867.9 Geikie, James, 1839-1915.
Letter to [Persifor] Frazer
May 26, 18858x4-3/4

Edinburgh A.L.S. 4p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning his plans for the next few months. Sends doggerel verse on "To my Alma Mater on the completion of her 300th year." Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 8x4-3/4

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to [Persifor] Frazer
August 14, 18858x5

Boston, A.L.S. 3p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning his travels. Glad the photograph was sent to Frazer. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 8x5

B F867.9 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
August 29, 18858x5

Ann Arbor, A.L.S. 4p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning certain business of the A.A.A.S. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 8x5

B F867.9 Geikie, James, 1839-1915.
Letter to [Persifor] Mac [sic] Frazer
September 14, 18856x4

Edinburgh, A.L.S. 4p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Is delighted that he is in England, but cannot see him until October. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 6x4

B F867.9 Geikie, James, 1839-1915.
Letter to [Persifor Frazer]
October 14, 18857x4-1/2

Edinburgh A.L.S. 2p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Looks forward to his visit the latter part of October. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 7x4-1/2

B F867.9 Geikie, James, 1839-1915.
Letter to [Persifor Frazer]
October 30, 18858x5

A.L.S. 1p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Wants him to come and visit. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 8x5

B F867.9 Geikie, James, 1839-1915.
Letter to [Persifor Frazer]
November 5, 18857x4-1/2

A.L.S. 3p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Is sorry that they could not meet. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 7x4-1/2

B F867.9 Hayden, Ferdinand Vandiveer, 1829-1887.
Letter to [Persifor Frazer]
December 1, 18858x5

Philadelphia, A.L.S. 2p. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Is sorry that, due to ill health, he cannot visit Frazer. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 8x5

B F867.4 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
May 17, 18919-1/4x5-1/2

New York, A.L.S. 1p. (see Persifor Frazer papers. No.4.) Asks for some information. Concerning his paper on mineralogy. Formerly B F867.4.

Provenance: 1958 2255ms

General physical description: 9-1/4x5-1/2

B F867.3 Hunt, Thomas Sterry, 1826-1892.
Letter to Persifor Frazer
June 1 (?), 18917x4-1/2

New York, A.L.S. 3p. (see Persifor Frazer papers. No. 3.) Thanks for, and praises of , his publication on mineralogy. Will soon send his new publication. Formerly B F867.3.

Provenance: 1958 2254ms

General physical description: 7x4-1/2

B F867.5 Haeckel, Ernst, 1834-1919.
Letter to Persifor Frazer, Philadelphia
April 14, 19013-1/2x5-1/2

Baden-Baden, A.L.S.on postal card. 1p.and add. In German. (see Persifor Frazer papers. No. 5.) FILM 403 FRAME 110. Formerly B F867.5.

Provenance: 1958 2256ms

General physical description: 3-1/2x5-1/2

B F867.8 Haeckel, Ernst, 1834-1919.
Letter to Persifor Frazer, Philadelphia
April 4, 19028-1/2x5-1/2

Jena, A.L.S. 2p.and add. In German. (see Persifor Frazer papers. No. 8.) FILM 403 FRAME 111. Formerly B F867.8.

Provenance: 1958 2259ms

General physical description: 8-1/2x5-1/2

B F867.7 Haeckel, Ernst, 1834-1919.
Letter to Persifor Frazer, Philadelphia
October 27, 19028-1/2x5-1/2

Jena, A.L.S. 2p.and add. In German. (see Persifor Frazer papers. No. 7.) FILM 403 FRAME 112. Formerly B F867.7.

Provenance: 1958 2258ms

General physical description: 8-1/2x5-1/2

B F867.6 Haeckel, Ernst, 1834-1919.
Letter to Persifor Frazer, Philadelphia
February 25, 19068-3/4x5-1/2

Jena, A.L.S. 3p.and add. In German.(see Persifor Frazer papers. No. 6.) Concerning the 200th anniversary of Franklin. Refers to the APS. FILM 403 FRAME 113. Formerly B F867.6.

Provenance: 1958 2257ms

General physical description: 8-3/4x5-1/2

B F867.9 Hayden, Ferdinand Vandiveer, 1829-1887.
Letter to [Persifor Frazer]
undated6-3/4x4-1/2

Thursday. A.L.S.with initials. (see P.Frazer. Letters from various persons; 1883-1885.) Concerning the list of persons for candidates. Concerning a publication on obelisks. Formerly B F867.9.

General physical description: 6-3/4x4-1/2