Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters, 172-73. p. 173, line 23, change "Yates" to "Yate". At end of letter is: "How is Buz & Bossy [sic]. am afraid you yourself must be grown terribly bumptious: Direct to Shrewsbury: if there is any thing you want I can send it for you to Barmouth. Such as gloves &c &c &c".

General physical description: ALS; 9x7.5 4p., add. [(S?) Herbert Esqr/ Post Office/ Barmouth/ N. Wales]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Printed letter has erroneous date of Sept. 14, which was a Sunday.

Obliged for "labours in the science [of entomology]"; saw [?Thomas] Butler who told of Herbert in Wales; Herbert's courage cooled since CD left Barmouth; chiding letter from [Charles Thomas] Whitley, answered humbly by CD, received mere "acknowledgement of my extreme candour" and another charge of idleness; supposes Herbert enjoys Montgomeryshire and delights "all the little dear female hearts"; CD enjoys successful Music Meeting in Derbyshire, also good shooting, "Entomological pursuits", and the "Miss Foxes ¹ are very pleasant girls"; Herbert can give CD beetles & butterflies, which Butler says Herbert has, when Herbert is in Shrewsbury; CD "shall go up [?to Cambridge] early," but not by 10th; Butler goes next Tues.; P.S.: Find more beetles; get lady with "strong imagination" to procure beetle with "face so very dreadful"; forgets Herbert's Christian name, christens him "G" [see above].

General physical description: ALS; 9 x7.25 4p., add. [G. Herbert Esqr./ Court Calmore/ Welch Pool]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. The Misses Fox were the sisters of William Darwin Fox, CD's second cousin; the Music Meeting was held at the Fox residence. See "Darwin's Journal," 6.

Printed in facsimile: A Letter of Charles Darwin about Preparations for the Voyage of the Beagle, 1831 (Philadelphia: Friends of the Library, American Philosophical Society, 1971).

General physical description: ALS; 9 x7.5 4p., add. [Chas. Whitley Esqr./ Post Office/ Barmouth/ N. Wales], end.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters I, 238-40. p. 239, line 32, after "contained", insert: "Tell [Charles Thomas] Whitley that I find my life on blue water...very pleasant,...an excellent time for reading; so quiet & comfortable, that you are not tempted to be idle." p. 240, line 2, after "reason...", insert: A short or stupid letter would end correspondence between some, "but old gentleman, you might as well try to cut your tailor as me"; letter from Herbert brings to CD "a thousand pleasant thoughts"; CD can picture Herbert "in the two extreme cases, of the dead March to Dolgelley & the bogtrotting Match with [?William] Selwyn." At end of letter is: P.S. "I have directed to you in a curious manner for fear of mistakes."

General physical description: ALS; 11 x8 3/4; 4p., add. [J. M. Herbert Esqr./ Fellow of St. Johns Coll:/ Cambridge; (forwarded to) (W?) Maddy Esqr/ Moreton/ Near Hereford]

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters I, 246-48. At end of letter is: please write again and remember CD to friends, including [Charles Thomas] Whitley; "Read [Francis Bond] Head's gallop ¹ if you want an accurate account of this country." On first page of letter, written sideways, is: Has Herbert heard from F[?rederick] Watkins, [Jonathan Henry Lovett] Cameron or Matthews[?]; CD wrote to former many months ago, but no answer; address in future to be Valparaiso. On second and third pages of letter, written sideways, and perhaps not in CD's hand, is: "I have just met with the following quotation in the ` Sacred History of the World' taken from the Hereford!! Journal, November 1824. <sup>2</sup> `Carnations have been engrafted on Fennel & for the first two or three years the flowers will be green: Likewise Peaches on a Mulberry, in which case the fruit will have a purple dye to the stone.' Were you the original & ingenious experimentalist? I think I have heard you argue that White Lies do no harm.-- Here are green Carnations & purple Peaches brought foreward [ sic] to show the beneficence of Providence.-- When such evidence is proved false who will not become a Sceptic.-- Reflect--, if the author, what awful consequences may have been produced.--"

General physical description: ALS; 9 3/4 x7 3/4; 4p., add. [J. M. Herbert Esqr/ Fellow of St John's Coll:/ Cambridge; (forwarded to) Lower Garthmyl/ Welshpool]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Sir Francis Bond Head, Rough Notes Taken during Some Rapid Journeys across the Pampas and among the Andes (London: n.p., 1826). 2. See: Sharon Turner, The Sacred History of the World, as Displayed in the Creation and Subsequent Events to the Deluge..., 3v. (London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, 1832-1837), I, 111 and 111n; letter from "Ethelbert" in Hereford Journal..., November 24, 1824; and Richard Bradley, A General Treatise of Husbandry and Gardening..., 2v. (London: T. Woodward and J. Peale, 1726), II, 301. F. A. Milligan, Sydney Smith, and David Wilson have assisted me with this information.

Is going into country for few weeks on Thursday; wishes to converse concerning Wilkes's "long...voyage"; unless Wilkes writes to contrary, CD "will call at Long's on Wednesday" between noon and 1 p.m.

General physical description: ALS; 7.5 x4.5 1p. and add. [Lieut: Wilkes/ Long's/ Bond Street.--]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. CD did not return from the voyage of the Beagle until October 2, 1836 ("Darwin's Journal," 7). Wilkes was only in England from August to November, 1836 (Doris Esch Borthwick, "Outfitting the United States Exploring Expedition: Lieutenant Charles Wilkes' European Assignment, August-November, 1836," Proc. Am. phil. Soc., 109 [1965]: 159-72). The Great Marlborough Street address given by CD is that of his brother's flat, at which CD visited and roomed occasionally until leaving Cambridge and taking his own rooms at number 36 down the street on March 13, 1837 ( Life and Letters I, 277; Darwin and Henslow, 118 and 118n).

"Mr Darwin presents his compliments to the Master & Fellows of Caius Coll. and is extremely sorry he is prevented by a previous engagement the honor [ sic] of dining with them on Thursday.--"

General physical description: AL in third person; 4.5 x3 3/4; 1p. and add. [The Master & Fellows/ Caius College]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Date determined by Sydney Smith, St. Catharine's College, Cambridge. The handwriting of this note appears to be in the hand of the young Darwin, and since this note shows no sign of being mailed--indeed seems to have been hand-delivered--it seems reasonable to conclude that CD was in Cambridge at the time it was written. This occurred in late 1836 and early 1837, right after CD returned to England from the Beagle voyage.

Obliged for document which CD "had full right to demand", even if unnecessary; sorry for inconvenience; will send completed MS. with woodcuts before night; will write to printer about "where to send the slips"; [Henry] Colburn will see revise corrected; shall go to Shrewsbury on Monday; gives printing details; thanks Shoberl and Colburn for aid on "this my first publication." ¹

General physical description: ALS; 7 x4.5 3p., add. [Mr Shoberl/ Marlborough Sqr] (partially mutilated)

Other Descriptive Information: 1. CD's "first publication" was his Journal of Researches [ Freeman 4] (1839), the only Darwin work published by Colburn. Date for this letter derives from date CD finished the MS. of this work and when he left for Shrewsbury, shortly thereafter; see "Darwin's Journal," 7-8.

Does not know latitude limits of true coral islands in Pacific, but Bermuda an exception to general rule; discusses and describes coral islands and archipelagoes; "People's ideas of the Pacific are most false."; describes and sketches the "Corallian Sea" proposed by [Matthew] Flinders; thanks for books, but cannot read them for nearly a week, since still reading [Jean Baptiste Armand Louis Leonce] E[lie] de B[eaumont]; P.S. Tuesday night, longitudinal boundaries of Pacific coral cannot be given satisfactorily, since Dangerous or Low Archipelago and Corallian Sea are separated by "great volcanic band".

General physical description: ALS; 9 x7.5 4p., add. [Chas. Lyell Esqr/ 16 Hart St.], end. [(105) Mr. Darwin on Coral islands thinly scattered over what area--Decr. 1837]

Small sketch with no detail on the above letter.

Printed, with minor changes and omissions: Life and Letters I, 291-95. p. 292, line 14, change "...." to "[John] Phillips will not surely go on saying that the metamorphic schists are disintegrated granite re-deposited."; p. 292, line 16, change "-----" to "Phillips"; p. 292, line 28, insert: CD visited Wednesday night, two days after Lyell left, thinking Lyell would come to London after Crag expedition; almost wrote from Shrewsbury; p. 294, line 19, change "-----'s" to "[Rev. Frederick William] Hope's"; p. 295, line 5, change "-----" to "Jones"; p. 295, line 13, insert: CD wants daytime barometer readings made at Leith on July 5, published by Brewster; also wants altitude of Lochs Tay, Dochart, Tyndrum, and Tulla; ¹ p. 295, insert: "P.S. I have seen [Robert] Fitzroy, who has bought your book. ² He looked rather black at the preface...but then came smooth again. I never cease wondering at his character,...full of good...traits but spoiled by such an unlucky temper.-- Some part of... his brain wants mending...."

General physical description: ALS; 9 x7.5 11p. and end. [(1) Mr Darwin on Elements & Glen Roy/ 9 August 1838]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Lyell apparently complied; see Darwin, "Observations on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy,..." Phil. Trans. R. Soc., 129 (1839), 54. 2. Lyell, Elements of Geology (London: John Murray, 1838). The preface declares that the publication of Darwin's Journal of Researches [ Freeman 4] (1839) has been delayed, "to the great regret of the scientific world," by the failure of Fitz Roy to complete the companion volumes to it.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters I, 295-98. p. 296, line 2, insert: discussion concerning "unfortunate letter" of Governor [Henry] Prescott, a lost letter of CD, an "official document", an apparently abused frank from Lord [Spencer Joshua Alwyne Compton] Northampton, and a proposal to the Council of the Royal Society of London; p. 296, line 4, after "begin about.", insert: thanks for holiday invitation, but CD pledged to visit uncle and home for fortnight at end of October, ¹ and "till then I must not give myself even a days holidays."; p. 297, line 22, change "block" to "Polar"; p. 297, line 24, insert: "Sir D[avid?] B[rewster?]...communicated some information so useful, that I have written to him again."; gives details on "Winters Bark", parrots, geographical distribution in South America and in Falkland Islands, Port Famine; sent Lyell's letter to "Dr. Richardson at Portsmouth"; unhappy that Lyell says he will be away until end of November, hopes "something will bring you back before then."; p. 298, line 4, insert derogatory remarks about Babbage and his calculator; p. 298, line 6, insert: regarding marsupials, CD saw only abstract of [Henry Marie Ducrotay de] Blainville's paper; ² [Richard] Owen a better authority than Blainville, who is superficial; Owen says internal process in Stonesfield Jaws is confined to marsupial mammals ³ and "talks of [ Ornithorhynchus, the duckbill] leading off into the reptiles...[therefore] some reptiles formerly might have appreached nearer to the Mammalian type, than...existing ones now do."; Elements [ of Geology, Lyell's new book] must be selling well, requires "hard reading" and thus does not shirk its subject, as do two of [John Frederick William] Herschel's treatises; [Edward] Charlesworth is annoyed because Lyell did not quote him more; Charlesworth is to be pitied for many reasons; Zoological Society is giving up Associate Secretary's place; [John] Gould's case of Water-wagtails does not hold.

General physical description: ALS; 12 3/4 x8; 4p., add. [Charles Lyell Esqr Junr./ Kinnordy/ Kerrimuir/ North Britain], end. [Darwin 1838 on tortuosity of parallel bands of Elevation & subsidence--/ (2)]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. CD became engaged during this "pledged" holiday; see "Darwin's Journal," 8. 2. Probably either "Doutes sur le Prétendu Didelphe Fossile de Stonesfield," C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris, 7 (1838), 402-18, or "Nouveaux Doutes sur le Prétendu Didelphis de Stonesfield," ibid., 727-36 and 749-51. 3. See Richard Owen, "Observations on the Fossils Representing the Thylacotherium Prevostii, Valenciennes,..." Trans. geol. Soc. Lond., 6 (1842), 47-65; for fuller account, see idem, A History of British Fossil Mammals and Birds (London: John Van Voorst, 1846), 29-57.

Printed in full, with minor changes: Emma Darwin, I, 413-14.

General physical description: ALS; 9 x7.25 3p. and add. [Chas. Lyell Esqr/ 16 Hart St./ Bloomsbury], end. [Mr Darwin/ Novr. 1838]

Routine thanks for Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, volume 1, numbers 1 through 3; signed by CD as Secretary of the Geological Society of London.

General physical description: Printed L, filled in in ms. (not CD's hand), S by CD; 15 x9; 1p. and add. [The Secretary of the American Philosophical Society], end. [A.P.S.] Stated Meeting/ March 1, 1839, Read]

"I leave you the remaining proofs of yr. descript[ion] of Toxodon and a revise of first part ²...read quickly over my part. I hope there are no errata left....inform me whether you will want a second revise of your first part....I have made...remarks hap-hazard.... Have you looked at [Alcide Dessalines] D'Orbigny's travels? ³ If not,...you misunderstood...what I mentioned...[so] I have written it [correctly] below...."; P.S. sends duplicate proof for Owen to keep.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. The Toxodon portion of the first part of the Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle was published in early 1838. See: "Darwin's Journal," 8; and Freeman, p. 12. 2. See "Toxodon Platensis" in Darwin, Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle, Pt. I: Fossil Mammalia, by Richard Owen ([1838]-1843), 16-35. 3. Orbigny, Voyage dans l'Amérique Méridionale..., 9v. (Paris: Strasbourg, 1835-47).

Sends Glen Roy paper, ¹ which is legible but "ugly from my corrections"; hopes it will not be shortened, as "there is scarcely a sentence, that I have not considered whether I could strike it out, without injuring the...argument"; Lyell may keep paper to read if desired; returns books; last letter of Mr Blackadder [of Glamis] not worth mentioning; made note of information about decaying shells; regrets not having seen "Mr [Charles] Maclaren's capital chapters on alluvium" before writing the appendix, as he upsets CD's "argument of...fixed position of the boulders when drifted, but...confirms...origin of the scratches & grooves."; Maclaren's remarks on boulder positions erroneous, based on "misapprehension, that icebergs drop their cargoes out at sea", which CD's appendix claims is the exception to the rule; ought to have map and will soon have drawing to publish with Glen Roy paper; wishes to discuss "small amount of Alluvial action in Lochaber: occurring since "the sea retired.-- No one point interested me more...."

General physical description: ALS; 7.5 x4.5 7p. and add. [Chas. Lyell Esqr/ 16 Hart St.], end. [1a./ Darwin Jan. 1839/ Glen Roy]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Darwin, "Observations on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy,..." Phil. Trans. R. Soc., 129 (1839), 39-81. Published version has map and drawing; note on decaying shells is on pp. 63-64.

Routine thanks for Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, volume 1, number 6; signed by CD as Secretary of the Geological Society of London

General physical description: Printed L, filled in in ms. (not in CD's hand), S by CD; 11.5 x9.25 1p.

Thanks for agreeing to examine birds mentioned; ¹ birds will go to railroad this evening; they are as follows; 388 [and] 707, Tinochorus -----?, habits described in Journal of Researches, p. 110; 630, Synallaxis maluroides, "is it in structure a Certhia?"; 650, Serpophaga albocorunata Gould, a genus allied to Tyrannula; 721, Furnarius cunicularius, habits described as those of Casarita in Journal of Researches, p. 112; 722, Opetiorhynchus vulgaris; 728, Uppucerthia, interesting to dissect this and two previous, as they are altogether unlike European forms; 1037, Pteroptochos albicollis; 1043, Phytotoma rara, "a most curious finch"; 1050, Trochilus gigas, habits in Journal of Researches, p. 331, [Edward] Blyth has notion about humming birds having unique internal structure ²; 1157, Pteroptochos Tarnii Gray, habits of this and P. albicollis, above, in Journal of Researches, pp. 329 and 352, worthy of close examination; 1309, common North American rice bird [ Dolichonyx oryzivorus, the bobolink]; and two birds without tickets, believed to be Opetiorhynci; read on habits before examining; send account of these specimens in month or five weeks; publication date of next number of "Bird Part" of Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle is uncertain; thanks for offer of Gallinaceous birds for dissection.

General physical description: ALS; 9.25 x7.5 4p., add. [Thos. Eyton Esqr/ Donnerville House/ Wellington/ Shropshire]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Eyton, "Appendix," in Darwin, Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle, Pt. III: Birds, by John Gould ([1838]-1843), 147-56. For CD's description of the habits of these birds, see Darwin, Journal of Researches [ Freeman 4] (1839), pages as indicated above. 2. Blyth, "Outlines of a New Arrangement of Insessorial Birds," Mag. nat. Hist., 2 (1838), 256-68 and 314-19, esp. 258 and 262.

Capt. [Robert] FitzRoy thinks it desirable and does not object "to my appending an advertisement of the works, connected with the Beagle's Voyage," to the Journal of Researches; ask [Henry] Colburn for approval; thanks for yesterday's note, but CD plans to "append a fly page [giving]...notice of my works, to be bound up at end or beginning of the volume.-- I believe there are sufficient [notices] now printed...at Mr Smith, Elder..."; how late can CD send these "so as not to delay the binding...."

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 3p., end.? [1839] 1

Other Descriptive Information: 1. A date of "1839" is written at the head of the first page of the letter in ink similar to that used by CD, but it does not appear to be in CD's hand. Even if added later and not an endorsement by the recipient, this year appears correct, as the letter discusses Darwin's Journal of Researches [ Freeman 4] (1839), the only Darwin work published by Colburn.

Please send note, giving "date &c &c of the event"; Herbert could tell CD nothing when they last met; "We shall remain in the country (at Shrewsbury & here) for some weeks longer."; CD recovering slowly, but not yet well enough for work; "...good wishes & renewed congratulations...."

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Darwin visited first Maer, then Shrewsbury, for "some weeks" during 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, and 1844. Given the watermark of this letter, and CD's unwellness during the visit, I am inclined toward the earlier of these years, and have thus eliminated 1844. To fix the exact year, one would have to identify and date Herbert's " event", probably either his marriage or his ordination. "Darwin's Journal," 9-11.

Ill, headache daily for week; delighted at Eyton's progress, ² finds results curious; thanks for undertaking task; "I cannot say when the next (& last) number of Birds will appear", perhaps March 1 or two or three months later; appreciates Eyton's offer to produce engravings of specimens, but "I am anxious to spend the government grant in the best way for science, &...I have already given...too much...to the birds & Mammalia"; Eyton must decide with this in mind; Eyton may keep specimens or give them to College of Surgeons; CD has "become a Father... [as of] last Friday week: it is a little Prince"

General physical description: AL, S by init.; 7 x4.5 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. CD's first child was William Erasmus Darwin, born December 27, 1839, a Friday; see "Darwin's Journal," 9. 2. See letter to Eyton dated November 30, 1839, calendared above. The last number of the birds part of Darwin's Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle ([1838]-1843) was published in March 1841; it included Eyton's appendix, sans engravings. See: Freeman, p. 13; and Eyton, "Appendix," in Darwin, Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle, Pt. III: Birds, by John Gould ([1838]-1843), 147-56.

Printed, with minor changes. Life and Letters I, 301. line, 14, change "toughish" to "longish". At end of letter is: the following new points will appear in Darwin, Coral Reefs; CD's belief that coral reefs at greater depths than 20 fathoms in open oceans do not exist (see Journal of Researches [ Freeman 4], p. 558) contradicts [Christian Gottfried] Ehrenberg's claim of Red Sea coral beds at 25 fathoms; still, CD's argument that there must have been subsidence in large areas scattered with reefs, originally based on point about coral only at shallow depths, stands anyhow, since areas in which every island is low and formed of coral are immense; CD will use modified system of classifying reefs, namely, lagoon islands or atolls, " `encircling reefs' ", fringing reefs, and irregular reefs; modification of conclusion (see Journal of Researches [ Freeman 4], p. 567) "will chiefly consist in speaking rather less positively & using the words `alternate areas' more frequently than `parallel bands' "; will not discuss distribution of organic forms in Pacific (see Journal of Researches [ Freeman 4], p. 568); will come on Saturday, if well.

General physical description: AL, S by init.; 7 3/4 x5; 6p. and env., add. [Chas. Lyell Esqr/ 16 Hart St/ Bloomsbury], end. [Mr Darwin Feb. 1840/ Coral reefs in open area/ no deeper than 20 fathoms (106)]

Encloses copy of paper on earthquakes; ¹ has grown older and wiser since he wrote it, so sets "less value on theoretical reasoning in geology"; still thinks there is weight in argument respecting "the necessary slow elevation of mountain chains, which have protuberant axis of Plutonic rock"; welcomes Phillips's comments.

General physical description: ALS; 9 3/4 x8; 1p. and add. [Prof. Phillips/ St. Mary's Lodge/ York], end. [Darwin/ Nov. 40]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Perhaps the manuscript of Darwin, "Observations of Proofs of Recent Elevation on the Coast of Chili [ sic],..." Proc. geol. Soc., 2 (1848): 446-49.

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: More Letters, II, 173-74 (letter 517). p. 173, line 2, add: "Your objection to objection against upheaval, in favour of glaciers (as explaining Glen Roy) about elevation (you will understand what I mean) is quite new to me and seems very sound."

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 7p.,?end. [9th March 1841]

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 193-94 (letter 532). p. 194, line 20, add: discusses neutral tint for uncertain reefs [on CD's plate 3 in Coral Reefs]; concerning Red Sea, if [Christian Gottfried] Ehrenberg is correct, then Captain [Sir Fairfax] Moresby's accounts and charts indicate that "the true reefs...are more fringes to singularly formed land"; ¹ Ehrenberg, Moresby, and others will all agree if one assumes "that ancient barrier & encircling reefs, formed by subsidence, have... been uplifted &...worn down...& are now...fringed by...reefs"; this view too hypothetical for publication by CD; West Indies reefs are also obscure; "the symmetry of reefs seems greatly disturbed every where except in open ocean, or near open ordinary coast-lines". At end of letter is: Bermuda is similar to Bahamas--formed by elevation of ordinary land, with windward edges solidified by growth of some coral; health better, but will ail for years, and since " `race is for the strong' ", CD "must be content to admire the strides others make in Science.... I shall just crawl on with my S[outh] American work & be as easy as I can."; probably will return on 15 or 16, wants to see Lyell before he departs [to America].

General physical description: ALS; 9 x7.5 7p. and add. [Charles Lyell Esqr/ 16 Hart St./ Bloomsbury Sqre/ London], end. [Mr Darwin on Coral Islands/ Belizes & Honduras; (107) DarwinJune 1841/ Coral reefs at Belize/ & Africa covered by mud]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See also letter from Darwin to Lyell, February (19?), 1840, above. Ehrenberg's account is probably his Ueber die Natur und Bildung der Coralleninseln und Corrallenbänke in Rothen Meere (Berlin: n.p., 1834).

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: More Letters, II, 148-50 (letter 499). p. 150, line 2, add: "I wish you had in your mind's eye the quantity of solid rock removed on this beach."

General physical description: ALS; 8 x6.5 8p.

Gives dimensions and elevation of Chiloe Island and relationship to Cordillera; gives composition and geology of Chiloe; "In mentioning blocks on Chiloe put granite first, because I know more certainly that syenite came from Cordillera...."; blocks are strewed on shores of islets and in narrow creeks on coast, where there must have been channels, which after elevation correspond with those of [Jean Louis Rodolphe] Agassiz in valleys of Jura; see forthcoming paper; ¹ no fossils with boulder formations, but on them; doubts "perched rocks" on Jura; perched rocks, if on pinnacles, would be "fearful argument for Agassiz's sheet of ice."; Agassiz seems to consider angularity of Jura fragments a difficulty on ordinary moraine or glacier action; make no changes in published explanations, even though "your view is very probable"; "my talk with R[obert] Brown after that with you has knocked me up...."; [crossed out] "I have brought my mind to neglect all negative evidence, especially absence of shells-- Who would have anticipated [Sir Roderick Impey] Murchison's few shells in center of England."

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 7p. and add. [C. Lyell Esqr], end. [Vide p. 268 Agassiz/ on perched rocks of the Alps/ in contradistinction to those of Jura??]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Darwin, "On the Distribution of the Erratic Boulders and on the Contemporaneous Unstratified Deposits of South America," Proc. geol. Soc. Lond., 3 (1838-1842), 425-30; and Trans. geol. Soc. Lond., 6 (1842), 415-32.

Cannot help regarding subsidence; did Jura have present form when terrestrial animals were embedded?; if not, subsidence may have been small; all areas (forests, mountainsides, and sea-channels) need not have been cold when ice floated; "I don't look at bridge of ice, (or the subsidence, or the absence of shells, for I think I out-Lyell Lyell)" as difficulty; glacier expert [Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz] is best evidence, says that Jura erratics "are totally distinct" from those in Alpine valleys; idea of sea of ice carrying rocks in all directions from a small central point is "monstrous"; hopes there are no perched rocks on Jura; did Agassiz find caldron under existing Alpine glaciers?; caldrons are "most inexplicable part of case under every hypothesis"; agrees regarding the arguing of both sides of issue; can give no reasons for supposing Pentlands to be dry shortly before "elevation during ice time."

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 6p.

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 150-51 (letter 500). Before printed portion, add: Suspects some West Indian and Indian corals are same species; "But corals alter their habit so greatly according to where they grow, that the subject, will, I fear, for a long time be involved in great obscurity."; mentions genus Millepora; Crescent Island in Low Archipelago; difficulty of dead reefs not great; such exist, especially in Chagos group, according to Capt. [Sir Fairfax] Moresby; would admit difficulty if reefs as plentiful in tropical seas as vegetation on tropical land; perhaps an increase of small crustaceae in sea or actiniae on shore robs a reef of food, thereby killing it; "...as we see that the presence of reefs is not universal, we ought to expect to find that those same causes, which determine their absence ab origine in some place[s], should have destroyed them in others--"; reefs perish first to leeward side of island; goes to [Geological Society of London] Council meeting tomorrow; Friday morning [October 7] has returned from 2.5-hour meeting; discussed candidates for position of curator and librarian; [?William Charles Linnaeus] Martin of Zoological Society judged best; discussed [Edward] Charlesworth's accusations of unfairness against his candidature, considered but rejected a plan to deny his accusations publicly; Charlesworth challenged [Rev. William] Buckland, Lyell, and [Sir Richard] Owen to argue the "whole old question [of the Crag controversy] before the meeting!"; "...it is not the wise who rule the unwise in this world, but the active rule the inactive and verily Charlesworth is...active...."; ¹ second part of sixth volume of Trans. geol. Soc. Lond. was approved; last Friday, had long talk with [William] Lonsdale, who was cheerful for first time in his life because of [Wollaston Fund] gift, which he will use on coral work--"a noble return" on the gift. p. 151, line 9, change "the sheep" to "two sheep". At end of letter is: excuse length of letter; CD's wife, baby [Mary Eleanor Darwin] "going on fairly well" following birth, son William stronger [?after illness].

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 10p. (first leaf missing) and fragment of env., add. [C. Lyell Esqr./ Kinnordy/ Kerriemuir/ N. Britain], end. [(illegible number--PTC)/ Mr Darwin on/ Corals./ Octr. 7. 1842.]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. For more on the topics discussed at this Council meeting, see Horace B. Woodward, The History of the Geological Society of London (London: Geological Society, 1907), 148. On Charlesworth's challenge concerning the Crag question, see Lyell: The Years to 1841, chapter 14, passim.

After two-three year interval, is preparing geological notes; ¹ some blanks in MS where description of mineral specimens, sent to Miller, should be; has searched specimens returned by Miller and cannot find these; first missing specimen, according to notebook, is " `378 (yellow) a prism of 79.5, not yet ascertained'...in which the cells are half filled up horizontally"; since not yet ascertained, CD presumes Miller has it; other missing specimens, "240 & 246 (white)", were deposited with Miller, are "what [Adam] Sedgwick would...call `beastly rocks' ", and "form an entire island, though...a small one"; reply soon; has been ill; "I have left London & bought this place [Down House] & I find the change very agreeable."; those interested in welfare of Geological Society of London should attend special general meeting on December 3.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. This appears to refer to the manuscript of Darwin, Volcanic Islands (1844); according to "Darwin's Journal", 10, CD began to revise Syms Covington's manuscript for this book on October 14, 1842, which is the reason for the date for this letter as given above.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 195-197 (letter 533). p. 196, line 31, questionable word is definitely "thickness", and italicize and underline "may".

General physical description: AL, S by init.; 8 x6.5 5p.

Thanks for information; has sent notes on Volcanic Islands, ¹ which please return after reading so CD can rewrite and correct them; has been very busy "since I came here [Down House]"; suits him at new place; is determined "to show the people the gift of mankind in regards penmanship of an unusual kind...."

General physical description: L or copy of L; 8 3/4 x6 3/4; 1p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Undoubtedly the MS of Darwin, Volcanic Islands (1844).

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 244 (letter 577). At beginning of letter is: does not know if Lyell is still in Kinnordy; has not been to London for awhile because of wife's advanced pregnancy; at British Association meeting [in Cork the preceding August], geological department was poor, but zoological better than usual; has had "sanguine letters from [George Robert] Waterhouse", who was grateful for Lyell's aid; if Waterhouse is hired, he will "enjoy his seven shillings a day from the British Museum, as much as most men would ten times the sum..."; "forlorn" letter from [William] Lonsdale, concerning " very fine series of Touraine corals"; [Edward] Forbes lent Lonsdale his recent Mediterranean species; Lonsdale's only identification as yet with recent species is with "a curious, undescribed Escharina from Dartmouth harbour!" line 15, change "a vivification" to "the revivification". line 22, add: began working a MS in October, has "cut away & shortened at a good rate"; two years ago, thought MS was fit for publication; Lonsdale will describe "corallines from a (mountain limestone?) series from Van Dieman's Land". At end of letter is: greetings to Lyell family.

General physical description: ALS; 7 x4.5 (black border); 8p., end. [(6) Darwin on Kemp/ Sept. 1843/ germinatn of fossil seeds]

Has consulted notes, finds "that the proposition that the Tosca was a diluvial mud is monstrous", since it "is distinctly stratified in some parts"; Tosca " not the last deposit"; gives illustrations, with sketches of sections, from Uruguay River and Banda Oriental; "there appears to be an older & newer tosca"; upper tosca, with exceptions, is similar "over wide spaces"; implies a disagreement over this point with [Alcide Dessalines] D'Orbigny, gives example of Rio Negro to illustrate D'Orbigny's error; finds "that the comglomerate of pumice in sandstone in the Patagonian Tertiary is apocryphal."

General physical description: ALS; 10 x8; 3p. and add. [C. Lyell Esqr/ 16 Hart St/ Bloomsbury Square/ London], end. [Darwin 99a/ Tosca or Pampean mud/ not diluvium. Sections/ of it--/ Decr. 1843.], sketches

Returns Greenland Catalogue with thanks; is ashamed to have forgotten to return it sooner.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 1p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Years determined by Down address variant used.

Thanks for note; corr. is "at perfect liberty to mention Mr. Martial's story"; ³ Martial was a ship's surgeon, but worthless and slightly educated; "perhaps, however, in some respects his story is less likely from this cause to have been invented.-- I myself do not think our supposed knowledge of having come from one stock ought to enter into any scientific reasoning"; Eastern and Western Europeans have different species of intestinal worms; cannot now search for specimens, but will do so later if requested; Pediculi perish on wild animals during passage to England, and a slight fever or broken wrist with no fever can cause evacuation of intestinal worms, which shows that slight changes in constitution affect parasites.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Years determined by Down address variant used. 2. Written on original letter by CD's son was Denny's name. 3. See Darwin, Descent of Man (1871), I, 219.

Sends short and interesting addition to be tacked on to end of [?Thomas Henry] Farrer's paper, if corr. prints it.

General physical description: ANS; 8 x5; 1p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Years determined by Down address variant used.

Would like to help Denny; collected some lice, but part of collection was lost and CD has been prevented from going over his zoological collection by ill health and desire to finish geological works; will go over collection soon and will then save lice for Denny; [George Robert] Waterhouse can help identify CD's ticketed specimens for Denny.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. CD sorted his collections in mid-1844, after finishing his Volcanic Islands (1844); see "Darwin's Journal," 10-11.

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: More Letters, II, 115-17 (letter 480). p. 116, line 15, questionable word is definitely "relieved". p. 116, line 25, change "unfilled" to "upfilled". At end of letter is: Emma [Wedgwood Darwin] will give instructions for travel to Down.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 7p. and end. [C. Darwin/ 29 Aug 44]

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: More Letters, II, 117-20 (letter 481). p. 119, line 22, change "Pampas [debacle?]" to "Pampaean debacle [i.e. Pompeian earthquake]". p. 120, line 17, add: regards to Lyell's wife and had hoped to have seen Horners at Down.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 7p. and fragment of env., add. [C. Lyell Esqr/ 16 Hart St/ Bloomsbury Square/ London], end. [Sept. 1844/ Darwin/ Patagonia/ rising gragually--/ Mastodon/ D'Orbigny/ sudden upthrust of/ Patagonia controverted], sketch

Ill; extract, sent by corr., is fullest account CD has seen, refers to island called Pouynipete or Seniavane [i.e. Seniavine or Senyavin]; this is same island as is mentioned in Darwin, Coral Reefs (1842), pp. 127 and 168; describes how he can claim this; description sent by corr. apparently refers to a high island, a significant fact for CD, but "Every one knows how greedily a theorist pounces on a fact, highly favourable to his views," thus CD wished to believe in this fact; nevertheless, CD skeptical of it; writer spoke of granite blocks, but CD thinks island is volcanic; moreover, CD "heard (perhaps...unjustly) very indifferent accounts of Dr. Lloghtsky's moral character; agrees that the case is neither fully established in fact nor fully fabricated; "I have very little doubt that hereafter, the existence of former wide tracts of land, since buried in the ocean by subsidence, will turn out the chief means of the migrations & passage of animals, plants & man, from one part of the world to another", gives examples to demonstrate this; apologies for length of letter, thanks for prompt answer, compliments to "Miss Smith".

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 6p.

Letter of recommendation. Brayley apparently applying for a lectureship in geology; praises Brayley's "remarkable powers in acquiring scientific knowledge of varied kinds, &...your extensive reading."

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 2p. and add. [E. W. Brayley Esqr]

[Alcide Dessalines] d'Orbigny describes ten Silurian fossils from eastern Bolivian Cordillera as similar to European species, does same for seven Devonian fossils and 23 Carboniferous fossils, although two of the latter, viz. Natica antisinensis [i.e. antisiensis] & Spirifer Roissyi, are not new species; five of the cretaceous fossils, says D'Orbigny, are common to Paris Basin; ¹ forgot, when with Lyell on Thursday, to ask Lyell to speak again to [John] Murray about CD's Journal of Researches [ Freeman 7 or 8] (1845); since their meeting, saw [Hugh] Cuming about South American fossils and "their range with respect to my Tertiary species"; only series Cuming has not examined and wishes to examine are about 90 shells from Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego; wishes to have this done for several reasons; discusses arrangements to do so; "I fear you will think this so much trouble, that you will wish I had never given you my collection."

General physical description: ALS; 10 x8; 3p. and add. [C. Lyell Esqr/ 16 Hart St./ Bloomsbury Sqr/ London], end. [Darwin (9) 1845/ Dorbigny on S. Amer/ican shells common] to Europe, Silur-/ian & Cretaceous/ 1st. & 2d. p. of letter]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Letter explicitly refers to Orbigny, Voyage dans l'Amérique Méridionale..., v.3, pt. 3: Geologie (Paris: Strasbourg, 1842), 226, 230 [sic; should be 233], and 239.

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: Life and Letters I, 337-39. p. 338, line 16, change "the first" to "this first". p. 338, last line, add: remembrances to Lyell's wife; CD's wife remains "wearismme". At end of letter is: remembrances to Lyell family at Kinnordy.

General physical description: ALS; 10 x8; 4p.

Printed: Life and Letters I, 339-41. At end of letter is: remarks on eight particular passages in Lyell's new book, ¹ as follows: v. 1, p. 81, on resemblance of corals, shells, & insects and on analogy of Arctic and Antarctic fauna; v. 1, p. 138, on extinct species of Fulgur and Gnathodon; v. 1, p. 150, on breathing as source of carbonic acid; v. 1, p. 181, on means of water-erosion on seam of carbon; v. 2, p. 37, on Fuegians using a hollowed tree; v. 2, p. 54, on wood or fruits floating on sea; v. 2, p. 65, on buffaloes killed while rushing to drink; v. 2, p. 189, on parallels between present Arctic and Lyell's Carboniferous floras, in terms of extent of distribution; "Might you not...bring more prominently forward the absurdity of arguing from one quarter of the globe, without knowing what was going on in other parts...."; CD's wife and baby [George Howard Darwin] are well; further family details; "P.S. Have you any of my volumes of Lamarck??"

General physical description: ALS; 10 x8; 9p. and end. [(4) 1845/ C. Darwin/ Criticisms on/ Lyells Travels in/ U.S &c/ (4)] and [Darwin/ Augt. 1. 1845]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Lyell, Travels in North America..., 2v. (London: John Murray, 1845).

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters I, 341-42. p. 341, line 3, add: "Please read this before you go" to America on September 4; concerning radiation of snow, CD opposes "the colour-doctrine.-- I find from [?John] Leslie (in [Andrew] Ure ¹), the radiating...power of Lamp-black being called 100, and gold, silver, copper being 12; Writing paper is 98, plumbago 75 and ice is 85. From [William Charles] Wells, ² it appears, that when swan-down...exposed to open sky falls 16°; grass falls 15°; & snow falls between 12° & 13°: gravel & flag-stone...are inferior to grass, but how much is not said."; Dr. [Patrick] Wilson gives similar data; concludes that snow-covered land "radiates its heat, but little less than the most favourable land." p. 342, line 12, add: multiple and single creations probably discussed in latest Kosmos, since H. [?Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt] discussed this with [Joseph Dalton] Hooker "& Humbolt [ sic] is a multiple man."; hopes Lyell's next excursion will be to Sicily, to study evidence for and to refute craters of elevation theory. p. 342, line 21, add: will miss visiting Lyells while they are away. p. 342, line 22, add: will send third part of Darwin, Journal of Researches [ Freeman 7, pt. 3] (1845) on Monday.

General physical description: AL (incomplete); 10 x8; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. This work might be Ure, A Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines (London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans, 1839), although I could not pinpoint the precise passage to which CD refers. 2. CD refers to Wells, An Essay on Dew... (London: Taylor and Hessey, 1814), esp. 43-50. See also Richard Harrison Shryock, "The Strange Case of Wells' Theory of Natural Selection (1813)...," in M. F. Ashley Montagu, ed., Studies and Essays in the History of Science and Learning... in Homage to George Sarton... (New York: Henry Schuman, [1946]), 195-209.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters I, 343-45. At beginning of letter is: has not written because has "seen hardly anyone & done little"; "...it has been asserted that on the negroes born in N[orth]. America, the lice are larger & of a blacker colour, than the dommon species; & that the European lice will not live on negroes."; has heard analogous story about men of Sandwich Islands; asks Lyell to check this and to send specimens of lice from blacks to [Henry] Denny; [Edward] Long's History of Jamaica [London: T. Lowndes, 1774] states that mulattos cross sterile; asks Lyell for comparative information on crosxes of "Indians & Europeans & Negroes & Europeans". p. 344, line 14, change "our scientific" to "non-scientific". p. 344, line 17, missing name is [William John] Broderip.

General physical description: ALS; 9 x7.5 4p., add. [Charles Lyell Esqr/ Post Office/ Boston/ United States], end. [Mr Darwin/ Queries about negroes]

Is visiting his father; thanks for offer to experiment on hybrids; please record "all faots, such as the number of plants you experimentise on, their names &c &c.--"; "Negative facts (Ie failures) are as important to know as successes.--"; will acknowledge source of all results published; sends copy of Darwin, Journal of Researches [Freeman 8] (1845), which "is I hope somewhat improved, from the 1st [edition] that was published."

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. The second edition of the Journal of Researches was published--or printed, at least--in 1845; CD's father died in 1848. These set the endpoints for the date. Anderson-Henry was chosen as correspondent merely because this letter was pubchased in a lot with another letter to Anderson-Henry and apparently was glued in a scrapbook along with the other letter at one time.

Wishes to see Owen on Thursday morning concerning Mammifers of the Plata; if Owen cannot see CD then, send note to "7 Park St Grosvenor Sqr"; has begun reading Owen on British fossils [i.e. A History of British Fossil Mammals and Birds (London: John Van Voorst, 1846)].

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Date determined by Sydney Smith, St. Catharine's College, Cambridge University.

First portion printed, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 222-24 (letter 557). At end of this portion is: pleased that Lyell will read Darwin, Volcanic Islands (1844); cost 18 months work, but few have read it; "now [that Lyell is reading it] I shall feel whatever little (& little it is) there is confirmatory...will work its effect...."; wishes he could say same for Darwin, South America (1846), but cannot; wanted to discuss with Lyell the foliation of metamorphic schists, the absence of recent conchiferous deposits, and the deposit of tertiary formations during subsidence; has corrected two-thirds of South America and hopes to publish during August; returns to Down on Tuesday; family ill; sends regards; must do proofreading. Next portion printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters I, 327, lines 3-7. At end of this portion is: regards to wife.

General physical description: ALS; 10 x8; 4p., add. [Charles Lyell Esqr. Junr.--/ Kinnordy/ Kirriemuir/ Scotland], end. [(11)/ C. Darwin/ Augt. 10--1846--/ on his work on/ volcanos/ on hybrids]

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 120-22 (letter 482). p. 121, line 23, change "foundations" to "formation"/.

General physical description: ALS; 10 x8; 3p. and add. [C. Lyell Esqr/ 11. Harley St/ Cavendish Sqr/ London], end. [(10) Darwin on Ramsays/ paper on Denuda/tion/ 1846--]

Has received his copy of Darwin, South America (1846); "coloured Plate [i.e. Plate I]" has "its back to all the letter press; it is almost impossible to refer to it" this way; "a stupid trick"; orders corr. to cut out all plates that are bound and make them front the letterpress; likes looks of volume; has not seen any advertisements yet.

General physical description: ALS; 7 x4.5 3p. and end. [C. Darwin by/ Park St./ Oct 20, 1846]

Ill for week; thanks for letter; glad Ramsay values parts of book [Darwin, South America (1846)]; concerning "traces of Terraces", a "hobby-horse" of CD, did not see signs of such terraces on recent visit to Snowdonia in North Wales; even recent paper ² on Scandinavian drift by [Roderick Impey] Murchison errs by "speaking of...successive terraces as the direct effects of so many elevations [rather than as] the indirect effect of an elevation, & the direct effect of the sea's destroying power...."; does not know whether old Tertiary beds of South America were submerged until recent layers set down, but certain they were slowly uplifted, with low parts long submerged; "I think this absence of any considerable recent fossiliferous deposits on both E. & W. coasts, the most remarkable thing I observed" in South America; see page 135 of Darwin, South America (1846); this subject "helps to explain the breaks in Geological chronology & has disabused my mind of a prejudice that durable fossiliferous formations are in most places now accumulating."; thinks "ejected volcanic crystals of glassy feldspar are always broken.--"; found Murchison's thin Silurian lavastreams near Stiper Stones to be injected; for measurements of thin streams, see Darwin, Volcanic Islands (1844), 103 and 109; Ramsay working at interesting site, [?Edward] Forbes gave information on it; where lavas are vesicular and decomposed, has seen "most marvellous transitions into sedimentary beds", partly caused by compression and movement of once-solid lava; impossible to say "where lava ended & tuff began, though neither [were] in the lease metamorphosed."; suspects some metamorphosis; doubts alleged high erosive power of gravel on underlying rocks beneath a sea of any depth; apologies for long letter; directs letter to Charing Cross, since Ramsay probably back from Bala [Wales].

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 11p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Year based on publication date of Darwin, South America (1846). 2. Murchison, "On the Superficial Detritus of Sweden,..." Q. Jl. geol. Soc. Lond., 2 (1846), pt. 1: 349-81.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 174-75 (letter 518). Also printed in Katherine M[urray Horner] Lyell, ed. Memoir of Leonard Horner...Consisting of Letters to His Family and from Some of His Friends, ed. by his daughter..., 2v. (London: Women's Printing Soc., Ltd., 1890), II, 103.

General physical description: ALS; 7 x4.5 4p. (enclosure wanting)

Thanks for loan of Horticultural Journal; has read Dr. [William] Herbert's paper ² "with interest"; will return journal to Athenaeum Club; joins wife in regards to "Mrs. Hutton" and family.

General physical description: ALS; 7 x4.5 1p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. CD refers to Jl R. hort. Soc. (see Stauffer, ed., CD's Nat. Selection, index entries under William Herbert); first volume published in 1846, thereby setting lower endpoint for date. Articles by Herbert appeared in volumes 1 (1846) and 2 (1847), but in no later volumes. Corr. seems to be William Hutton, because John Lindley was a close friend and colleague of this Hutton and was also a leading figure in the Horticultural Society of London at this time; moreover, William Hutton was a geologist with an interest in botany and fossils, which suggests both that CD knew him and that he would be interested in horticultural matters. William Hutton died in 1860, thereby setting upper endpoint for date. He was on the island of Malta from 1846 to 1857 (see DNB, 28, 363), leaving only 1846 and 1857-1860 as possible dates for letter. Black border indicates death in Darwin family; only deaths during these years were CD's mother-in-law in 1846 (see Emma Darwin, II, 89) and CD's son and his eldest sister in 1858 (see "Darwin's Journal," 14 and 14n). Earlier year chosen because style of handwriting and ink used (a lighter brown than usual) match style and ink of 1846 letters better than style and ink of 1858 letters. 2. Probably "Local Habitation and Wants of Plants," Jl R. hort. Soc., 1 (1846): 44-49.

Sorry to have broken engagement, but was unwell; is "most anxious" to have Carpenter's advice; would make special trip [to London] to see him and to order microscope; Carpenter's note convinced CD to get [a microscope] and "I groan to think over the 3 or 4 months [until delivery of the microscope]"; discusses details of possible meeting times.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Years determined by Down address variant used.

Enclosed probably longer than corr. wished, but "a page in Annals swallows up much M.S."; has marked a page for extraction, "without which [page] my remark w[oul]d be unintelligible"; note "expresses my most honest conviction after careful perusal...", despite its laudatory tone; gives permission to alter but not to shorten; offers to proofread galley, "as my style is often very faulty."

General physical description: ALS; 7 x4.5 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Years determined by Down address variant used.

To show that CD not "overrash in generalising my conclusion", copies passage from Darwin, South America (1846), page 167, which begins on line 6 and ends on line 14 of that page, concerning cleavage and foliation.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 3p. and add. [C. Lyell Esqr/ 11. Harley St/ London],end. [(112)/ Darwin -- Jany/47/ Structure of Gneiss]

Concerning reefs of Tahiti. Supposes "reef under water" to be dead semi-submerged rock separating living reef from "the islets, which Dr Gould calls the Barrier."; Tahiti less perfectly encircled by reefs than other islands of its group, but considers it encircled because of [James] Cook's chart, ¹ which has been verified by the French; see page 152 of Darwin, Coral Reefs (1842); reef is much broken where ships enter; Americans unaware of submerged and probably dead part of reef described in Nautical Magazine for 1836; ² this is the least perfect part, according to Cook; did not color it in plate without consideration; [Joseph Dalton] Hooker visiting Down, working at paper on coal plants ³ and conversing with CD; Hooker admires [Charles James Fox] Bunbury's papers.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 5p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Perhaps the chart reproduced as Chart V in R. A. Skelton, ed., The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery: Charts & Views Drawn by Cook..., printed for the Hakluyt Society (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1955). 2. W. Forbes, "Description of the Reefs on the North-east Coast of Tahiti,..." Nautical Magazine, 5 (1836): 264. 3. Hooker, "On the Vegetation of the Carboniferous Period,..." Mem. geol. Surv. U. K., 2 (1848): 387-430.

Thanks for copy of seventh ed. of Principles of Geology... (London: John Murray, 1847) with "much new...to refer to"; wants list of new parts. as promised, since CD too busy to read in toto; [?Charles] Stokes has lent CD volumes 1-30 of Annls. Sci. nat.; has been ill; sorry to have missed Lyell while in London; Robert Chambers gave CD a sketch of [David] Milne[-Home]'s views on Glen Roy, ¹ and CD has reread his own paper ² and is "now, that I have heard what is to be said, not even staggered." ³; Chambers did not read CD's paper with care and did not look at CD's colored map, ⁴ so "the new shelf...had not been searched for,..."; was "quite chicken-hearted" at Geological Society of London until Lyell reassured him; Darwin, South America (1846) has had " enormous sale" of 100 copies; CD's father better, but "much changed bodily" in last six months.

General physical description: ALS; 9 3/4 x8; 3p. and add. [C. Lyell Esqr/ 11 Harley St/ London],end. [(12) Darwin/ March 7. 1847/ R. Chambers on Paralell/ Roads of Glen Roy]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Milne, "On the Parallel Roads of Lochaber,..." Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 16 (1849): 395-418. See also: Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., 2 (1844-1850); 124-25 and 132-33; and Edinb. new phil. J., 43 (1847): 339-64. 2. Darwin, "Observations on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy,..." Phil. Trans. R. Soc., 129 (1839): 39-81. 3. See Paul H. Barrett, "Darwin's `Gigantic Blunder'," Journal of Geological Education, January 1973; 19-28. 4. Darwin, op. cit. (note 2), Plate I.

Returns [William] Whewell correspondence, likes Lyell's bold reply; ¹ returns [volume 3 of] Silliman's J. containing [Samuel George] Morton's article; ² glad to have seen latter, but thinks it "a merely tabulated compilation from [Edward] Griffith's Cuvier"; ³ Morton's worst fault is failure to consult primary sources; gives examples of this concerning dubious hybrids, refers to [Coenraad Jacob] Temminck; "What a capital Journal Silliman's is; there is always something of interest in it."

General physical description: ALS; 9 3/4 x8; 3p. and add. [C. Lyell Esqr], end. [C. Darwin/ June 1847/ On Dr.Morton's/ paper on/ Hybridity/ (13)]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See I. Todhunter, William Whewell..., 2v. (London: Macmillan and Co., 1876), I, 161. 2. Morton, "Hybridity in Animals, Considered in Reference to the Question of the Unity of the Human Species," 39-50 and 203-12. 3. Georges L. C. F. D. de Cuvier, The Animal Kingdom..., with additional descriptions...by Edward Griffith..., 16 v. (London: Geo. B. Whittaker, 1827-1835).

Information on silkworm provided by Whitby "last year at Southampton"; in moths raised from silkworms kept in captivity, are the wings crippled and is flight impossible; is this especially true in France and Italy; if so, are males and females equally flightless; presumes case similar to domestic ducks; has Whitby tried "two experiments on hereditariness" which CD suggested, viz., first, whether black-eyebrowed caterpillar produces black or dark-eyed caterpillar young; and second, if fat caterpillars called Frales produce moths and, if so, whether moth offspring are "likewise fat & silkless."; needs results, "for in a work which I intend some few years hence to publish on variation, there will be hardly any facts in the insect world."; are there differences in habits in different caterpillar breeds. ²

General physical description: ALS; 9 3/4 x8; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. CD and Whitby met at the September, 1846, meeting of the British Association, held at Southampton; see Whitby, "On the Cultivation of Silk in England," Rep. Br. Ass. Advmt Sci., 16 (1846), pt. 2: 87-88. 2. See Darwin, Variation under Domestication [ Freeman 233] (1868), I, 302-03.

Some years ago, took his collection of Mollusca in spirits to [?George Brettingham] Sowerby [?the elder]; more interesting forms, including many cirripedes, were then sent to [Richard] Owen; describes physical features of specimen bottles, asks corr. to look for them; "it is most mortifying...to have lost my own Cirripedia, now that I am at work on them."; will be in London in October, will call on corr. "at the [?Royal] College [?of Surgeons] and look over corr.'s cirripede collections; offers corr. a first-stage Scalpellum larva without striation.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 4p.

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 187088 (letter 523). At beginning of letter is: Obliged for barnacles; the one marked "Bergen" is the right one, but its locality is unknown; it is not a Conia; will keep shells, including new one, until review of them is finished; thank husband for note; "what an awful joke...if we had all subscribed for a horrid calf's head?"; will be "grievous" if Coal Saurian proves to be a fish; "I will hope still that [Jean Louis Rodolphe] Agassiz's positive assertions may be disproved by bones, as well as footsteps.--"

General physical description: ALS; 9 3/4 x8; 3p. and add. [C. Lyell Esqr--/ 11. Harley St/ London], end. [Darwin (110)/ Oct. 1847/ Glen Roy/ Glacier Theory]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. While letter is addressed to Charles Lyell, the salutation greets his wife, Mary Elizabeth Horner Lyell.

Encloses measurements representing results of comparison of Lochaber and Galashiels Terraces, the latter measured by [William] Kemp; results "wonderful", show simila r elevations for terraces in two locations; believes measurements of [?Alan] Stevenson and [Robert] Chambers are correct, those of [John] Macculloch are wrong; told Chambers that Lyell and CD both thought ice-lake theory worth considering, Chambers replied that this was dream; [Charles] Maclaren did not insert abstract of [David] Milne[-Home]'s paper ¹ into Scotsman and thus will not insert CD's letter; ² [Robert] Jameson will insert it in Philosophical Journal, but CD has written Jameson "to beg him to destroy it."; will return [Casterordes?] paper with [Hugh] Miller's [?book]; ³ Down House full of relatives.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 4p. and 1p. enc.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. "On the Parallel Roads of Lochaber,..." Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 16 (1849); 395-418; Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., 2 (1844-1850); 124-25 and 132-33; Edinb. new phil. J., 43 (1847): 339-64. 2. Printed at the end of Paul H. Barrett, "Darwin's `Gigantic Blunder'," Journal of Geological Education, January 1973: 19-28. 3. First Impressions of England and Its People (London: J. Johnstone?, 1847); see More Letters, II, 188.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters I, 328n. At end of letter is: delighted by letter ² from [Bernhard] Studer to [James David] Forbes showing that layers in gneiss have nothing to do with stratification in Alps; this agrees with Darwin, South America (1846); tell [Leonard] Horner of this, as Horner wished to know what things were in the book; enjoyed Lyell's visit to Down; regards to wife.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Lyell visited Down in October, 1847; see Life and Letters I, 360. 2. "Remarks on the Geological Relations of the Gneiss of the Alps," Edinb. new phil. J., 42 (1846-1847): 186-87.

Has, he believes, the male, the female, and the larvae (in different states) of a "singular Lernaea like animal, which is parasitic on Balanus"; these are identified erroneously as the male of the Balanus and as a new genus of isopodous Crustacean parasitic on this male Balanus by [Harry ( not Henry, as is printed with article) D. S.] Goodsir in ["On the Sexes, Organs of Reproduction, and Mode of Development, of the Cirripeds,..."] Edinb. new phil. J., 35 (1843): 88; offers specimens of these to Milne-Edwards, "to whose publications, I have long owed much pleasure & instruction"; could send them through Baillieu the Bookseller.

General physical description: ALS; 9 3/4 x8; 3p and add. [A Monsieur/ M. Milne Edwards/ Membre de l'Institut/ et Professeur a l'ecole Centrale des Arts/ Paris]

Thanks to Hutton and friend for help in obtaining introduction to Lady E[mily Georgiana Bagot] Finch[-Hatton, Countess of Winchilsea and Nottingham], but right after seeing Hutton at Geological Society of London, CD heard from his father that an old friend could provide introduction; regards to Hutton family.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Watermark is lower endpoint; death of CD's father in 1848 is upper.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 181-87 (letter 522). p. 184, line 14, pluralize "lake". Original of this letter is in Cambridge University Library; see Handlist of Darwin Papers, 13.

General physical description: Copy of L; 10 x8; 6p. and end. [Darwin/ Letter on Glen Roy/ Milne's paper]

Heard Wednesday at Museum that Waterhouse expected back soon; invites Waterhouse for dinner at Down on Saturday the twelfth, return to London Monday morning; [Charles and Mary] Lyell, [Edward] Forbes, [Andrew Crombie] Ramsay, and R[obert Hermann] Schomburgk are also invited; wants to hear "some news of your foreign trip."

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 3p. and end. [C. Darwin Esqr]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Upper endpoint set by type of Down address used.

Do not worry about missing volume, covered with brown paper, with no title outside; it will turn up some day and will not be needed soon; has received husband's check and will send receipt with microscope, when complete.

General physical description: ALS; 7 x4.5 1p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Lady Harriet Hothem Lubbock's husband died in 1865; it is unlikely that this letter, with its 1847 watermark, refers to the wife of John Lubbock, first Baron Avebury.

Regarding loan of the cirripede collection of the British Museum to CD. Enclosed request for collection in groups (pedunculated and sessile separate) is sent to Gray for approval; will correct if Gray disapproves; getting specimens in these two lots is best arrangement for CD; could divide sessile into two sub-groups if necessary; has not mentioned duration of loan for fear of being hampered.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 3p. (enclosure wanting)

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See next letter, below, for date.

Received yesterday Gray's note with "good tidings of the great liberality of the Trustees. Now if I do not make a tolerably good monograph, it will be purely my own fault."; encloses thank-you note for Trustees; is not ready for specimens yet, will not be ready for species part for six weeks; will begin with pedunculated division; will consult Gray on size of first loan; sould appreciate names of as many specimens as possible, although this is troublesome; "Without your assistance I shd break down with the synomony [ sic; synonymy]."; has all of Mr. Stutchbury [of Bristol]'s collection, which is partly named after British Museum; thanks for "conduct...most generous & handsome".

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 6p., end. [8 Feb 1848] (enclosure wanting)

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters I, 362-63. At beginning of letter is: tells [Mary Elizabeth Horner] Lyell of relief felt by CD and wife over "wonderful escape" of Miss [?Ann] S[?usan] Horner, which CD heard about since seeing Lyell on Wednesday at Council [of Geological Society of London]; "[Leonard] Horner...had a horror of the sea & now it is...justified." p. 362, line 3, missing name is [William] "Buckland". At end of letter is: "If he [Robert Chambers] be, as I believe, the Author of the Vestiges [of the Natural History of Creation] this book [ Ancient Sea Margins...] for poverty of intellect is a literary curiosity.-- I have written all this, as I believe it may save you reading the Book; it is to the best of my Belief, an honest account."; shall be in London before Lyell leaves [for Kinnordy]; wishes to visit Lyell then.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 8p. and env., add. [C. Lyell Esqr/ 11. Harley St/ London],end. [(104) Darwin/ Chambers/ paralell/ roads/ 1848]

Will send [some work by Camillo] Ranzani on "Thursday (tomorrow)"; Ranzani work not much use; wants the Conchotrya and Brisnaeus (Brisneus?) [CD's query]; is working at Lithotrya; also wants [Octomeris?] to do when studying [Catophragmus?], especially if there is a specimen "adhering to its support, so that I could get out the dry animal."; apologies for this trouble; "In truth never will a mountain in labour have brought forth such a mouse as my book on the Cirripedia: it is ridiculous the time each species takes me."

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 4p., end. [June 1848]

Printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters I, 363-64.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 3p.

Milne-Edwards's kindness at Oxford [?B.A.A.S. meeting, June 1847] induces CD to ask favor; describes work on cirripedes, gives history of project, identifies collections at his disposal (Cuming, British Museum, etc.), describes methods used; will describe animals within shells as well as shells themselves; asks for help in obtaining loan of specimens, esp. "a single specimen of some of the species figured in the Voyage of the Astrolabe"; ¹ especially wants genus Alepas; wants the following: Alepas fasciculatus of [Rene Primevere] Lesson; A. parasita of [Jean Rene Constant] Quoy and [Joseph Paul] Gaimard; A. tubulosa do.; Anatifa elongata do. (especially); A. pelagica [ Anatife pelagien] do.; A. sessilis do.; A. tricolor do.; A. spinosa do. (especially) (Pollicipes); A. truncata (especially) (Lithotrya); A. sulcata; has found "a good deal new in the Anatomy"; values Milne-Edwards's work on the Crustacea; ² presumes Milne-Edwards does not care about parasite on Balanus, about which CD wrote [on November 18, 1847; see above].

General physical description: ALS; 9 3/4 x8; 3p. and add. [A Monsieur/ M. Milne Edwards/ Academie Royl. des Sciences/ Paris]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Jules Sébastien César Dumont D'Urville, Voyage de la Corvette l'Astrolabe, 15v. Zoologie, by Jean René Constant Quoy and Joseph Paul Gaimard, 4v. (Paris: J. Testu, 1830-1832). 2. Alcide Dessalines D'Orbigny, Voyage dans l'Amérique Méridionale..., 9v. Vol. 6, pt. 1: Crustaces, by Henri Milne-Edwards and Hippolyte Lucas (Paris: Strasbourg, 1843).

Thanks for permission to use schoolroom; Mr. Nash will come next Wednesday; has not received drawing; tell son that CD wants to hear about microscope, will see him for half hour [see letter to Lady Lubbock, (1847-1865) Wednesday evening/ Thursday morning, above]; ill; thanks for invitation to meet Mr. Adams and for paper on meteors. ³

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See notes 2 and 3, below, for evidences for this date. 2. CD's father died on November 13, 1848. 3. Lubbock, "On Shooting Stars," Lond. Edinb. Dubl. Phil. Mag., 32 (1848): 81-88 and 170-72, and 35 (1849), 356-57; reprinted in Edinb. new phil. J., 44 (1848), 330-31.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters I, 376-77. At end of letter is: delighted that Lyell to write new editions; ¹ glad to see Lyell's remarks on extermination and "the striking instance of the tree of [John] Bartram"; ² returns home on 30th; ill, must remain idle to be fully cured by Dr. [James Manby Gully]; has bought horse for riding; will atend [B.A.A.S. meeting] at Birmingham [in September] if well; grieved to hear of Lyell family illnesses; sent copy of Darwin, Manual of Scientific Inquiry [ Freeman 97] (1849), to Geological Society of London for Lyell; will return two of Lyell's pamphlets on same subject "sometime"; wanted to hear [Roderick Impey] Murchison on Jura-blocks; ³ regards to [Leonard and Anne Lloyd] Horner; expects large sale for Lyell, A Second Visit to the United States..., 2v. (London: John Murray, 1849).

General physical description: ALS; 8 3/4 x7.5 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Principles of Geology, 8th ed. (London: John Murray, 1850); and Elements of Geology, 3rd ed. (London: John Murray, 1851). 2. See Lyell, A Second Visit to the United States..., 2v. (London: John Murray, 1849), I, 351. 3. "On the Distribution of the Superficial Detritus of the Alps, as Compared with that of Northern Europe," Q. Jl. geol. Soc. Lond., 6 (1850), 65-69.

Printed: More Letters, II, 225 (letter 559). At beginning of letter is: corrections to Lyell, A Second Visit to the United States..., 2v. (London: John Murray, 1849), as follows: v. 1, p. 349, megather ium only found as far south as 39 degrees by CD and not found at all by [Bartholomew James] Sulivan in southern Patagonia; misplaced or omitted words in second volume concerning diameter of a great equatorial telescope and in first volume concerning oxygen and anthracite; left copy of book by Lyell at Malvern with the Wedgwoods.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 4p.

First portion printed, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 122-25 (letter 483). p. 124, line 5, pluralize "volume" and change "like" to "have liked". Next portion printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: Life and Letters I, 377-78. At beginning of this portion is: regards to Lyell's wife from CD's wife; CD's wife will attend [B.A.A.S. meeting in] Birmingham; two Darwin children ill. p. 377, line 13, add: "But yet I somehow liked him better than Ld Mahon [i.e. Philip Henry Stanhope]." p. 378, line 15, change "evolving" to "evoking". At end of letter is: regards to [Charles James Fox and Frances Joanna] Bunbury; sorry to hear that Lyell's father is weak.

General physical description: ALS; 8 3/4 x7.25 8p.

Is happy to promote Ransome's project; put down CD on subscription list for one pound sterling for the portrait of the bishop.

General physical description: ALS; 7 x4.25 1p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Down variant address used determines endpoints of 1846 and 1855. During this period, two deaths necessitated use of black border, viz. death of CD's father on November 13, 1848, and death of CD's daughter Anne on April 23, 1851. Dimensions and width of black border on this letter match those letters from October, 1849, but not of October, 1851.

Has described and named all Cuming's specimens of Pedunculata; will return them at first meeting of Geological Society of London in early November [November 7]; has from Paris a Lithotrya from the Friendly Islands, suspects it is identical to Cuming's single specimen from the Philippines; ³ will Cuming please lend the latter again for comparison, as well as any new pedunculate cirripedes freshly acquired; must review the genera again and write out generic descriptions of the Pedunculata; will then start sessile cirripedes; "I quite dread the genus Balanus."

General physical description: ALS; 7 x4.5 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. There are three reasons for choosing this date: 1) CD finished the pedunculated cirripedes and commenced the sessile in April, 1850 (see "Darwin's Journal," 12); 2) the November 7, 1849, meeting of the Geological Society of London; and 3) the black-bordered stationery, in mourning for the death of CD's father in November, 1848. 2. This letter is bound in a letter-book amid other letters to Cuming. See also the next note. 3. CD refers to Lithotrya truncata; see Darwin, Recent Lepadidae, 366-67ff.

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: More Letters, II, 126-28 (letter 485). p. 126, line 9, sketch is missing. At end of letter is: will visit London on Wednesday [November 7; see previous letter, above], wants to see Lyell about Royal Medals [for the awarding of which CD voted on November 16 ( More Letters, II, 131)].

General physical description: ALS; 8 3/4 x7.5 6p., sketch

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: More Letters, II, 128-31 (letter 486). p. 131, line 21, add: hopes Mrs. H[enry (i.e. Katherine Murray Horner)] Lyell is well.

General physical description: ALS; 8 3/4 x7.5 6p. and add. [Sir Charles Lyell/ Kinnordy/ Kerriemuir/ N. Britain], end. [C. Darwin Etna dikes./ Nov. 1849], sketches, and drawing

Printed: Life and Letters I, 374-75. p. 375, line 12, after "to me.", add: "though really I think it some little reflection on him,, that he did find other & new points to observe." At end of letter is: is now reading volcanic part [of James Dwight Dana's book ¹] which is excellent and original; in last letter [above], claimed that dikes and lava streams never intersect, but now sees that they do so in Sandwich Islands [Hawaii], without cones; thinks this rare, but believes similar cases exist in Galapagos Islands, examples of which CD saw from a distance; Mt. Etna not like this; Dana believes that great Australian valleys are valleys of denudation, have been formed by "running fresh water", but CD unconvinced on latter point; Dana does not discuss craters of elevation; discusses lack of scoriae in Galapagos, abundance at Etna; will be in London on 19th [of December for meeting of Geological Society of London]; "My boasting has done me a deal of good."

General physical description: ALS; 8 3/4 x7.25 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842, United States Exploring Expedition [Wilkes Expedition]. During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N., 19v. Vol. X: Geology, by James Dwight Dana (Philadelphia: C. Sherman, 1849).

Was just thinking of Anderson-Henry; thanks for letter; surprised that Anderson-Henry could make so many experiments on Phloxes and mimuli, given that he was also busy with his "removal"; would be grateful for results on this "most curious & interesting subject"; improved health.

General physical description: ALS; 7 x4.5 3p. and end. [1849/ Decr 10th/ C. Darwin]

Printed in full, with minor changes: "Letters from C. Darwin, Esq., to A. Hancock, Esq.," Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb., 8 (1886); 256-58. p. 258, line 3, change "Asthrobalanus ( =Cryptophialus)" to "Arthrobalanus".

General physical description: ALS; 9 3/4 x8; 6p. and add. [Albany Hancock Esqr/ St. Mary's Terrace/ Newcastle/ upon Tyne], end. [25th Decr. 1849/ C. Darwin]

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 225-26 (letter 560). At beginning of letter is: overflowing dikes on both sides of volcano is an exceptional case, cause of it "appears connected with liquidity or abdemce of much gaseous emissions"; Lyell should read [James Dwight Dana's] whole chapter ¹ on Hawaii and the summary on vulcanism in Pacific; other volcanic chapters "have little in them"; discusses Dana's evidence for many currents proceeding from fissures; would contradict [Jean Baptiste Armand Louis Leonce] E[lie] de B[eaumont] because Mt. Etna is scoriae-producing, and there must be cones when there is much scoriae; Dana gives woodcut of denudation crater; discusses Dana's estimates of inclinations of lava-streams; Dana's book would have been more valuable if he had not "compared his results with those of others"; differences in liquidity of lava are immense; other details on Dana's volcanic writings. p. 226, line 7, missing phrase is " far penetrating [the] country".

General physical description: ALS; 9 3/4 x8; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. In United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842, United States Exploring Expedition..., 19v. Vol. X: Geology, by James Dwight Dana (Philadelphia: C. Sherman, 1849).

Wishes particularly to see a valve of a cirripede in [Frederick] Dixon's collection which is shown in figure 9 of Plate XXVIII [ sic: XXVII]; also wishes specimens in figures 3 and 4 of Plate XIV. ²

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. CD's original request to Owen on this subject is in a letter dated September 10, [1849] (Sir Gavin de Beer, "Further Unpublished Letters of Charles Darwin," Ann. Sci., 14 (1958), 102-03). CD finished working on the pedunculated cirripedes and commenced the sessile cirripedes in April, 1850 ("Darwin's Journal," 12). Owen never provided the specimens; see Darwin, Fossil Lepadidae, 22 and 37-38. 2. See Dixon, The Geology and Fossils...of Sussex (London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1850), Plates XIV and XXVII.

Suggestions and comments on Lyell's paper on craters of denudation, read at meeting of Geological Society of London [on December 19, 1849]; ¹ paper "will be a thorn in the side of [Jean Baptiste Armand Louis Leonce] E[lie] de B[eaumon]t"; Lyell overlooks CD's case of tuff-strata at Galapagos, viz. beds form narrow streams, hollow from setting of crust, so idea of uplifted horizontal strata absurd; Lyell should state subject at issue more clearly; considers St. Jago, Mauritius, and St. Helena, but not Palma, to be craters of denudation; [James David] Forbes's paper on Italian volcanoes ² has been referred to CD.

General physical description: ALS; 9 3/4 x8; 4p., add. [Sir C. Lyell/ 11. Harley St/ London],end. [Darwin/ Denudation Draters]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. "On Craters of Denudation,..." Q. Jl. geol. Soc. Lond., 6 (1850): 207-34. 2. "On the Volcanic Formations of the Alban Hills, near Rome," Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., 2 (1844-1850); 259-61.

Thanks for Balani, which will be of use when doing fossil sessile cirripedes; "I got youn[g] Lubbock [i.e. John William, Baron Avebury] to join your [?Palaeontographical] Society".

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 1p. and end. [Darwin C.]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Lubbock joined the Palaeontographical Society in 1850. Month and day derived by Thaddeus J. Trenn from a letter at the New York Botanical Gardens. See also note 2, below. 2. Of all the persons who lent Balani to Darwin, only Bowerbank was closely connected enough to a society for CD to call it "your Society".

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 228-29 (letter 562). At end of letter is: regards to Lyell's wife; [Christian Leopold] Von Buch implies that there are no lower Cretaceous beds in the North, but some of [Johannes Japetus Smith] Steenstrup's cirripedes are marked "Grunsand [i.e. Greensand]" from "[Saliberg?] [?in Scania, the southernmost district of Sweden] Quedlingburg [?in Westphalia]" and CD believes they may be from Greensand, "or at least lower chalk"; are there lower Cretaceous beds in Scania or Denmark?

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 7p.

Printed in full, with minor changes: "Letters from C. Darwin, Esq., to A. Hancock, Esq.," Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb., 8 (1886): 259-60.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 4p.

Concerning ripples in the sea-bottom, has only seen them to depth of six to ten feet, but see Darwin, Volcanic Islands (1844), page 134, where deeper observations are attributed to M. Sian; ² width of ripples related to depth; thanks for Theodore Parker, [? A Letter to the People of the United States Touching the Matter of Slavery (Boston: J. Monroe and Ce., 1848)]; glad Lyell approved of paper; ³ "[Jean Louis Rodolphe] Agassiz has sent me his Lake Superior Book [ Lake Superior,... (Boston: Gould, Kendall and Lincoln, 1850)],--is not that an immense Honour!"

General physical description: ALS 1; 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. On the back of this letter is a one-page ANS from Emma Wedgwood Darwin to Mary Elizabeth Horner Lyell concerning tickets to see the new hippopotamus in the Zoological Gardens; also mentions that Darwins leave for Malvern on Tuesday [June 11, 1850] for a week's stay; mentions Mary Lyell's sister's health. 2. M. Sian, "On the Action of Waves at Great Depths," Edinb. new phil. J., 31 (1841): 245-46. 3. Probably "On British Fossil Lepadidae," Q. Jl. geol. Soc. Lond., 6 (1850): 439-40. Read June 5, 1850.

Sorry that Sir William [Jackson Hooker] is ill; thanks for note and extract; had not heard of [Brian Houghton] Hodgson's "Physicogeographical memoir" [?"On the Physical Geography of the Himalayas," J. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 18 (1849): 761-88]; will send comments directly to Hodgson; delighted that "your son [Joseph Dalton Hooker] is enjoying the grand Sylhet Mountains."

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. On the date of Sir William's illness, see Mea Allan, The Hookers of Kew, 1785-1911 (London: Michael Joseph, 1967), 188. On J. D. Hooker's visit to the Sylhet Mountains in late summer, 1850, see Leonard Huxley, Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, 2v. (London: John Murray, 1918), I, 332.

Requests permission [of Palaeontographical Society] to have "four or five woodcuts" [see Darwin, Fossil Lepadidae, 9] drawn and engraved by [James de Carle] Sowerby; wants approval of plan to give species descriptions in both Latin and English, following S[earles Valentine] Wood; "how inconvenient to those who never (as I for one never do) bind their books [that the Palaeontographical Society binds its annual parts into a single volume for each year]."

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x4 3/4; 2p. and env., add. [J. S. Bowerbank Esqr/ 3. Highbury Grove/ London], [?end.] [Darwin (illegible word PTC)]

Please send reference for paper on the metamorphosis of the Pycnogons, which CD believes Lubbock mentioned earlier, as CD wants to tell C[harles] S[pence] Bate about it; is "much knocked up with Mr. [James de Carle] Sowerby."

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 1p.

Thanks for note; will confine himself [in Recent Lepadidae] to eight plates, with two of them colored; [George Brettingham] Sowerby [the younger] has only drawings, not engravings; please return "skeleton Plates, & the Drawings"; wishes to know when in 1851 will [ Recent Lepadidae] appear, so he can schedule work on the eight plates after finishing proofs of [Darwin, Fossil Lepadidae] for Palaeontographical Society; is not "dilatory, though my health allows me to work but for a very short time daily."

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Please ask Council of Palaeontographical Society if, to save expense, the Ray Society may use the woodcut figure 1 in Darwin, Fossil Lepadidae, page [9], for use in Darwin, Recent Lepadidae, [facing page 3]; send woodcut to G. Snow [CD's agent in London].

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. CD's daughter, Anne Elizabeth Darwin, died on April 23, 1851.

Thanks for note of 16th; Ray Society has already given CD 22 copies of Darwin, [ Recent Lepadidae]; cannot complain; if corr. sees a copy for sale, tell CD its price.

General physical description: ALS; 5 x8; 1p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Pasted to the back of this letter were four compliment cards, apparently unrelated to CD.

Thanks for sending larvae of Balanus; has seen them before; thinks them fine and useful specimens.

General physical description: ALS; 7 x4.5 1p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Type of Down address variant used sets endpoints of 1846 and 1855. Black border was employed only twice on April 16 during this period, in 1849 and probably in 1852. Black border on this particular letter is too narrow for 1849, as others of the same period have a much more prominent border. In addition, CD published on Balanidae in 1851, which explains why he should have received an unsolicited gift of Balanus specimens in 1852.

What name does Bosquet give for Verruca [ prisca], a drawing of the valves of which was included with Bosquet's letter of 7 April; does outline of the plate to which adductor muscle is attached in fixed scutum have the "almost angular outline" depicted, or is it broken; is basal point of the free or movable tergum as round as Bosquet depicts, or is it worn by attrition; presumes Bosquet's volume will soon be published. ¹

General physical description: ALS; 10 x8; 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Darwin, Fossil Balanidae, 43-44.

Thanks for [Jean Louis Rodolphe] Agassiz, [ ?Lake Superior: Its Physical Character, Vegetation, and Animals.... (Boston: Gould, Kendall and Lincoln, 1850)], but returns it, as Agassiz already sent CD a copy; ¹ thanks for [unspecified] pamphlets of [?Andrew Leith] Adams, who "appears as heteredox [ sic] as myself"; "I have just finished dissecting a curious cirripede [ ?Alcippe lampas], which is female & has successive cups of males attached to her: I found one with 12 males so fixed to her! These males I suspect are the most negative creatures in the world; they have no mouth, no stomach, no thorax, no limbs, no abdomen, they consist wholly of the male reproductive organs in an envelope." ²

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.25 3p. and add. [Sir C. Lyell], end. [(98) Darwin/ Dodecendrie Monogynie]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, ed., Louis Agassiz: His Life and Correspondence, 2v. (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1886), II, 469-70. 2. See Darwin, Recent Balanidae, 556 and 562.

MS of [Darwin, Recent Balanidae] will not be ready when expected; thought printing could occur at any time during 1853, not by a specific deadline; "vast delay" between printing and publication of [Darwin, Recent Lepadidas] led CD to think that there were no real deadlines; expected to have been finished early in 1853, but work has taken "far longer" than expected, and CD has been ill; has not been idle for a single day; 20 plates and corresponding MS are ready, but CD must obtain at least six more plates at his own expense and must dissect for six more weeks; must rest a few weeks before going to press; will not send MS until beginning of August; asks approval for one colored and two half-colored plates to be struck by [George Brettingham] Sowerby [the younger], at only a few shillings above cost of two colored plates; asks permission for a few woodcuts.

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 7p.

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: More Letters, II, 133-135 (letter 488). At end of letter is: has not received letter mentioned by Lyell; will be in London for next meeting of Geological Society of London [on April 6].

General physical description: ALS; 10 x8; 5p. (one an insert) and env., add. [Sir Charles Lyell/ 11. Harley St./ London], end. [C. Darwin/ March 25, 1853/ Dana as to volcanos/ being safety valves.]

Interested in foliation and cleavage, pleased by Ramsay's remarks on [George Douglas Campbell, eighth] Duke of Argyll's paper; ¹ before he publishes his own paper, ² which was to have been read with Campbell's paper but which CD did not stay to hear, Ramsay should read Darwin, South America (1846), 162-68, esp. 167, on CD's theory that foliation can be determined in some cases by planes of deposition, just as foliation sometimes might supervene on cleavage and sometimes might not; Ramsay seems to have found instances of foliation determined by planes of deposition; has "fought many battles viva voce, with Sir C[harles] Lyell...on the subject...."

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 5p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. "On the Granitic District of Inverary, Argyllshire," Q. Jl. geol. Soc. Lond., 9 (1853), 360-66. 2. "On the Physical Structure and Succession of Some of the Lower Palaeozoic Rocks of North Wales and Part of Shropshire. With Notes on the Fossils by J. W. Salter," Q. Jl. geol. Soc. Lond., 9 (1853), 161-179. The paper was read on April 20, not April 6. Ramsay did as CD requested; see note on page 172.

Thanks for two pamphlets, one of them "most useful"; attended June 1 meeting of Geological Society of London, describes proceedings; mentions [Peter C.] Sutherland's paper on ice-action, ¹ [Joshua] Trimmer's paper; ² [Roderick Impey] Murchison forwarded catastrophic cause of flints, so CD advanced Lyell's theory of sub-glacial action; Sutherland "most strongly" confirmed Lyell's belief that stones on the beaches in [France and England? the arctic countries?] were angular; [William] Hopkins accepted CD's theory of straight course cut through irregular terrain by highly plastic iceberge; [Robert] Chamber's "interesting" paper on glaciation ³ reproduces [Jean Louis Rodolphe] Agassiz's idea of hemispheric ice-sheet and "treats all Icebergians with the most supercilious contempt."; missed "battle royal" at [annual election meeting] of Royal Society of London, but Murchison and [Francis] Beaufort "gained the day", and [Edward Augustus] Inglefield was elected, exceeding by one the allowed number of admissions; wife is visiting a sister; leaves on July 1 for a month at Isle of Wight, ⁴ after which CD will "go to press with my weariful cirripedes [Darwin, Recent Balanidae]."

General physical description: ALS; 10 x8; 3p. and add. [Sir Charles Lyell/ Commissioner to the/ Great Exhibition/ New York/ U.S.], end. [15/ C. Darwin/ June 1853/ Weald Denudation]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. "On the Geological and Glacial Phaenomena of the Coasts of Davis' Strait and Baffin's Bay," Q. Jl. geol. Soc. Lond., 9 (1853), 296-312. The portion of the letter that comments on Sutherland is printed faithfully in Life and Letters I, 329, next to last paragraph. 2. "On the Southern Termination of the Erratic Tertiaries,..." Q. Jl. geol. Soc. Lond., 9 (1853), 282-86; and "On the Origin of the Soils which Cover the Chalk of Kent, Part 3," ibid., 286-96. 3. "On the Glacial Phenomena in Scotland and Some Parts of England," Edinb. new phil. J., 54 (1853), 229-82. 4. The Darwins left instead for Eastbourne, Brighton, and Hastings on July 14; see "Darwin's Journal," 13.

Printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters I, 390-92. p. 391, line 1, change "Searle[?]" to "Seale". ¹

General physical description: ALS; 10 x8; 4p., add. [Sir Charles Lyell/ care of H. Murray Esqr/ British Consul/ Santa Cruz/ Teneriffe/ Canary Islands], end. [C. Darwin/ sent to Madeira/ steeper dip of lateral volcc. geoly. than of/ central beds]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Robert F. Seale, The Geognosy of the Island of St. Helena... (London: Ackermann & Co., 1834). Lyell mentions this book in his Elements of Geology, 2nd ed., 2v. (London: John Murray, 1841), II, 227.

Printed in full, with minor changes: Nora Barlow, ed., Darwin and Henslow: The Growth of an Idea (London: John Murray, 1967), 172 (letter 78).

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: More Letters, II, 204-05 (letter 540). At end of letter is: has found [Daniel] Sharpe's paper ["On the Structure of Mont Blanc and Its Environs," Q. Jl. geol. Soc. Lond., 11 (1855); 11-26]; children are recovering; will take a house in London for four weeks.

General physical description: ALS; 10 x8; 3p. and add. [Sir Charles Lyell/ 53 Harley St/ London],end. [(19) Ch. Darwin/ foliation of gneiss/ Jany 11,/ 1855.]

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 205-07 (letter 541). Sketch printed at end of printed letter.

General physical description: ALS; 10 x8; 4p. and sketch

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 207-09 (letter 542). Sketch printed in middle of page 208. p. 209, line 10, add: "(Do read this P.S.)".

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 8p., sketch

Other Descriptive Information: 1. The Darwins were at this address from January 18 to February 15; see "Darwin's Journal," 14.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 153-54 (letter 502).

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Crayford is too far away for CD to know anything about "Mrs. Shaw"; glad Eyton is thinking of dogs, an "excellent continuation of your capital Pig-Skeleton researches"; ¹ impressed by Eyton museum [see DNB, XVIII, 107]; family details; recalls hobby of beetle collecting as a youth.

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x4 3/4; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Eyton, "Some Osteological Peculiarities in Different Skeletons of the Genus Sus," Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 5 (1837): 23.

Returns two pamphlets ¹ by [John] Bachman; surprised at their poor quality and at Bachman's unsubstantiated assertions, but, as [William Henry] Fitton said of [William] Whewell, " `one must make allowance for him [ sic] having sworn to what he believes in' "; "It is most useful to see what is said on all sides" and to read "out-of-the-way pamphlets of this nature"; has living pairs of seven or eight kinds of pigeon which shall be observed and then skeletonized; has begun "to cultivate varieties of plants & make hybrids, so that I have entered on my subject in earnest"; invites Lyells to Down to see pigeons; J[ohn William] Lubbock [first Baron Avebury] sent [Joseph Dalton] Hooker's New Zealand Flora ² with [Thomas Vernon] Wollaston; please care for these volumes and return them sometime.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Most likely these were: Continuation of the Review of `Nott and Gliddon's Types of Mankind' (Charleston: James, Williams & Gitsinger, 1855); and An Examination of the Characteristics of Genera and Species as Applicable to the Doctrine of the Unity of the Human Race (Charleston: James, Williams & Gitsinger, 1855). See Br. Mus. Cat., IX, 704; see also Cat. scient. Pap., I, 145-46, and VI, 573. 2. The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery-Ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843..., Pt. II: Flora Novae-Zelandiae, 2v. (London: Lovell Reeve, 1853-1855).

Thanks for useful information; is "well in[to] my subject"; has several pigeons in water, plus many alive, and means to get domestic pigeons from all parts of world; delighted that Eyton is at dogs, which will help both CD and "Science"; offers to Eyton the head of a Chinese dog and, if it should die, the carcass of a young, very pure bred German Spitz dog.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Cannot find dog's head [see preceding letter, above]; thought Eyton had stopped skeletonizing, until Eyton told CD otherwise at [B.A.A.S.] meeting at Glascow [in September, 1855]; "I took to the nice work [skeletonizing of pigeons], first owing to my wish to see how much the young of Pigeons & Poultry differed from the old, & I have a collection in Brine of nestling Pigeons & chickens."; will not do more than give differences in skeletons of pigeons, poultry, covey birds, and rabbits; thanks for offer to lend pigeon skeletons (including "Almond Tumbler"); will not publish "for some years"; [William] Yarrell has done much bone work, has recently showed CD "a lot of breastbones"; CD's practice of buying curious pigeon carcasses from dealers could be used by Eyton for dogs; "A Mr [William Bernhard] Tegetmeier" will publish on skulls of Fowls, ¹ recently showed CD a collection and "gave me a small series."

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. "On the Remarkable Peculiarities in the Skulls of the Feather-crested Variety of the Domestic Fowl, Known as the Polish," Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 24 (1856), 366-68. Read on November 25, 1856; specimens from Eyton's collection were exhibited at that meeting.

Hopes Thwaites remembers CD from B.A.A.S. meeting at Oxford [1847]; for years, has collected for, and is now preparing, a work on variation of species; wants observations on "any changes in any introduced or feral plants or animals", esp. domesticated pigeons, poultry, ducks, and rabbits; wants all kinds alive, skeletons when dead; is trying especially to get live pigeons from all over world; wants names of pigeon fanciers in Ceylon; wants native names and any remarkable habits of pigeon breeds long kept in Ceylon or imported from anywhere except England; pay a bird skinner ten or fifteen shillings to skin (leaving bones of legs and wings) any old birds of any fancier which happen to die naturally; wants skins of poultry (except silk or black-skinned) or of domestic Ceylonese ducks, if there be any; wants any well-known fancy breed of pigeon (esp. "semi-wild Dove-House Pigeon") if it has been kept in Ceylon for many generations; there are many such in India; apologies for imposition; solicitations over health; "our mutual friend J[oseph Dalton] Hooker" is well.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 6p.

Signatures on one side, minutes of the meeting for this date in pencil on the other side, plus title of the document; CD has signed "Mr. Darwin"; all else is in the hands of others.

General physical description: DS; approx. 13 x8; 2p.

Thanks for answer to letter of 28 January; sorry corr. could not observe lice from domestic animals from distant lands; interested in aperea, had concluded that aperea was not progenitor of guinea pigs; does not know what corr. means by "stock-dove"; orders would probably be issued if corr. wrote to Council of Zoological Society, but corr. would have to visit the Gardens frequently to see that orders were carried out; still, corr. would get specimens this way; [Philip Lutley] Sclater would be interested in the birds.

General physical description: ALS; 7 x4.5 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Type of Down address variant used was employed from 1843 to 1846 and from 1855 to 1861. CD did not know enough about pigeons in the earlier period to have written the highly technical treatment of the stock dove that is in this letter.

Thanks for book of poetry; "I shall keep to my dying day an unfading remembrance of the many pleasant hours (especially at Barmouth) ¹ which we have spent together"; is permanently ill, so cannot visit; other family details.

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See: Life and Letters I, 165-66; and "Darwin's Journal," 6.

Recommends reading of the discussion on cleavage and foliation in chapter VI of Darwin, South America (1846); skim page 140, but concluding remarks are on page 162; see also pages 144, 147, 157, 159, and 163, concerning confused cleavages and irregular strikes of foliation at crosses of geological series; cleavage distinct from stratification; "rocks which have been liquified by heat, sometimes have their crystallized materials so arranged, as almost to deserve to be called foliated..."; see also example in CD's description of the Falkland Islands, ¹ pages 270-71; existence of grauwacke with clay-slates is perplexing, since clay-slate is apparently formed in deep and tranquil seas; could pressure which causes cleavage and movement along cleavage planes also break up rock, mingle varieties [of rocks] together "like fragments of ice in a glacier," and subsequently re-cement these fragments together; offers copies of the three volumes of Darwin, Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle. ²

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 8p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. "On the Geology of the Falkland Islands," Q. Jl. geol. Soc. Lond., 2 (1846): 267-74. 2. See also John Phillips, "Report on Cleavage and Foliation in Rocks, and on the Theoretical Explanations of these Phaenomena--Part I," Rep. Br. Ass. Advmt Sci., 26 (1856): pt. 1, 369-96.

Reminds Elliot of their acquaintance at [the B.A.A.S. meeting of 1855 in] Glasgow; wants some items which they discussed then, viz. measurements of differences in proportions of tigers, and remarks on domestic Pigeons "(& Poultry?)" which are extracted from "some work in an Eastern language"; will consult Ayin Akbaree ¹ at the India House; is collecting domestic pigeons and poultry, wants Elliot to obtain a bird skinner to provide Indian skins of old, representative specimens of pigeons and poultry long bred in India, esp. tumblers and carriers; gives instructions for preparation of skins; apologies for imposition.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Abu al-Fadhl ibn Mubarak, al-Hindi, Ayeen Akbery; or, The Institutes of the Emperor Akber, 2v., trans. from the original Persian by Francis Gladwin (London: J. Sewell, etc., 1800), esp. I, 270. See also Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 205 and 205n.

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: More Letters, I, 84-85 (letter 42). p. 85, line 11, illegible word is "rumour". At end of letter is: remembrances to husband, Colonel [Henry] Lyell.

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 7p. and env., add. [Mrs Lyell/ 14 Queens Road/ Gloucester Gate/ Regents Park/ London.]

Hopes Thwaites will publish his "facts on variation," esp. "particulars in regard to the species from different elevations, which show different degrees of capacity for cultivation at a new level"; [Joseph Dalton] Hooker has published a similar case with Himalaya rhododendrons; ¹ regarding distribution of alpine plants, is there anything new concerning comparison between vegetation at the greater heights in Ceylon and alpine vegetation in the Himalaya, Neilgherries [i.e. Nilgiris, in southern India], or other maountains; do introduced and recently naturalized plants vary much in Ceylon; "The course of my work makes me more & more sceptical on the eternal immutability of species; yet the difficulties on the other theory of common descent seems to me frightfully great. In my work, which I shall not publish for 2 or 3 or perhaps more years; it is my intention to give, as far as I can & that will be very imperfectly, all the arguments & facts on both sides of the case, stating which side seems to me to preponderate."; wants pigeon skins from Ceylon; prefers to work carefully at varieties of a few animals than to compile brief notices on all domestic breeds; "I have now all English breeds of Pigeons alive, & am carefully observing them, making skeletons & crossing them."; wants ducks, rabbits, and poultry; Dr. [Edward Frederick] Kelaert [i.e. Kelaart] will help with poultry; apologies for imposition, "when a beggar once begins to beg he never knows when to stop!"

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. "On the Climate and Vegetation of the Temperate and Cold Regions of East Nepal and the Sikkim Himalaya Mountains," Jl R. hort. Soc., 7 (1852): 69-131. See also Darwin, Origin (1859), 140.

Lyell's case of lava beds passing into vertical columns is most perplexing, but is a "very important & extraordinary fact," and, as Lyell states, is a strong argument against "upheavement" as a cause of an angle of, say, twelve degrees, since lava columns could not have been formed at an inclination and then shifted to the vertical; lava must still have been moving downward when shrinkage produced columns; ask [William] Hopkins on this; thinks Hopkins or [Edward] Forbes has published a sketch of this phenomenon; has seen lava columns; suspects a similar process in glaciers; Lyell's Madeira expedition [in late 1853] was interesting.

General physical description: ALS; 6p. @ 8 x5, 2p. @ 3 1/4 x8; 8p., 3 sketches

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 67-68. At beginning of letter is: thanks for letter; wishes Lyell had discussed further the lava columns [see previous letter, above]; has kept list of land shells, has made corrections, and is surprised by Lyell's knowledge; will borrow [Oswald] Heer, [ ?Ueber die Haus-Ameise Madeira's (Zürich: n.p., 1852)] while Lyell is abroad; Lyell's cases of transportal "beat all that I have ever heard...& if any body had put such cases hypothetically I shd have laughed at them"; Colymbetes [water beetle] flew on board Beagle 45 miles from land, which surprised [Thomas Vernon] Wollaston; Wollaston and others were at Down; "Wollaston strikes me as quite a first-rate man & very nice & pleasant into the bargain. It is really striking (but almost laughable to me) to notice the change in [Joseph Dalton] Hooker's & [Thomas Henry] Huxley's opinions on species during the last few years."

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 6p.

[William Sandys Wright] Waux referred CD to Oldfield because Oldfield once remarked that dogs represented in Assyrian drawings were like the Thibetan [i.e. Tibetan] dogs familiar to Oldfield in Nepaul [i.e. Nepal]; as CD is interested in ancient history of domesticated animals, does Oldfield think this resemblance close; describes resemblances and differences suspected; wants data on other breeds of dogs, poultry, fancy pigeons, and rabbits in Nepal; is collecting pigeons from all over world.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p. and env., add. [Dr. Oldfield/ 8 Gloucester Gardens/ Gloucester Terrace/ Hyde Park/ London.--], end. [Ansd. May 15.56.]

Has just finished [Woodward's] book, ² has derived "much solid instruction & interest" from it; has written down some questions which he will ask in person when in London in about a fortnight.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Life and Letters II, 73. 2. A Manual of the Mollusca; or, Rudimentary Treatise of Recent and Fossil Shells (London: J. Weale, 1851-1856). Published in three parts, in 1851, 1853, and 1856; issued thereafter as a single volume.

Thanks for "a Forking Cock, more like an ostrich than a simple fowl".

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 2p. 1

Other Descriptive Information: 1. On same sheet is a two-page letter from Mrs. Fox to her husband.

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: Life and Letters II, 72. At end of letter is: "When you go abroad you are to lend me [?Philip Barker] Webb. & [Oswald] Heer, & can you add [Matthew Fontaine] Maury [the elder] ocean chart; [Samuel Pickworth] Woodward had it some time ago.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 74-78. p. 76, line 4, questionable word is "Silla". p. 76, line 23, add "are" after "such". p. 77, line 4, change "Lowe" to "Low". p. 77, line 12, pluralize "formation".

General physical description: Partially ALS and partially LS; 13 x8.25 5p. and env., end. [(119)/ C. Darwin/ 25 June. 1856/ On reasons for doubting the/ Atlantis/ & continental extension theory/ in the Recent Period.]

First portion printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: More Letters, II, 135-37 (letter 489). p. 135, line 12, questionable word is "extensions". p. 136, line 31, add: local volcanic subsidence caused by shrinking of great volcanic piles is supported by frequent coincidence of volcanic tertiary streams and lakes or fresh water beds. At end of this portion is: CD's vague ideas on this subject are worthless; CD's ideas are not dogmatic. Next portion printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 71. At end of this portion is: shall not attempt to write a history of the subject, but did mention Lyell's Principles [ of Geology..., 3v. (London: John Murray, 1830-1833)]; will want Lyell to look over what CD will write about the Principles.

General physical description: Partially ALS and partially LS; 13 x8.25 3p. and fragment of env., end. [C. Darwin/ July 5, 1856/ Continental Extension./ Volcanos whether in/ areas of elevation or/ of subsidence.]

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 427-28 (letter 327). Small portion also printed in Life and Letters II, 78.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 8p. and env., add. [Sir Charles Lyell/ 53. Harley St/ London.], end. [C. Darwin/ continental extensions/ July 8. 1856.]

Has been reading Eyton on pigs ["Some Osteological Peculiarities in Different Skeletons of the Genus Sus"], Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., [ 5 (1837): 23]; are offspring of cross between African and common pigs fertile; if Eyton does not know answer, ask Lord [Rowland] Hill; were Hill's African pigs domesticated; from where in Africa do they come; has pigeon skeletons for "every breed alive", but has not compared them yet; will need Eyton's help when he does; is compiling "Book on Variation" [i.e. Darwin, "Natural Selection"], but finds it slow work; family details.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Excuse this additional note; thinks Eyton has studied Herefordshire cattle; ¹ believes there are two strains of this breed that can be distinguished by color on face; are there other distinguishing characters besides color?

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Eyton, The Herd Book of Hereford Cattle, 2v. (London: Longman and Co., 1846-1853).

Thanks for note and promise of more information on pigs; is collecting pig jaws to test [Johann Matthaus] Bechstein's assertion that number of incisors varies greatly in domestic pigs; can Eyton confirm this; approves of illustrations in Eyton's "Stud Book" [i.e. The Herd Book of Hereford Cattle; see previous letter, above], returns plates with thanks; after Writing, found source of his ideas, viz. Q. Rev., 1849, page 392, mentioning split in Herefordshire breed; ¹ would like to mention this in [Darwin, "Natural Selection"] as a rare instance of the documentation of the origin of "even a sub-breed of a sub-breed"; will also refer to Eyton; comments on Eyton's birds; will quote Eyton's case of geese; ² did Eyton breed the "grandchildren geese"; has been inquiring in India on same subject; one of most troublesome problems is distribution mechanism for species on distant islands; has tried resistance of seeds in sea water; check to see if dirt sticks to feet of birds; ³ check possibility of seed dispersion through pellets thrown up by owls or hawks; send contents of stomachs of dace and other white fish eaten by birds, so that CD can sow seeds contained therein; if Eyton collects cat skeletons, C[harles] Lyell has an odd Persien carcass and CD knows of another odd specimen; "I have put your words, that you like hearing from old naturalist friends, to a severe test."

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 10p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. CD here refers to an enonymous review of Henry Stephens, The Book of the Farm..., 2nd ed., 2v. (Edinburgh and London: W. Blackwood and Sons, 1849), to be found in Q. Rev., 84 (1848-1849): 389-424. 2. Eyton, "Remarks on the Skeletons of the Common Tame Goose, the Chinese Goose, and the Hybrid between the Two," Mag. nat. Hist., 4 (1840): 90-92. 3. See Darwin, Origin (1859), 358-63ff; and Peckham, Variorum Origin, 575-79.

Portion of AL is: thanks for letter; CD "astonished & delighted at your discovery of a Cretacean chthamalus", a curious, publishable discovery; usually does not believe in negative evidence, but deviated with sessile cirripedes (see Darwin, Fossil Lepadidae, 5), and now Bosquet's discovery proves CD wrong to deviate; cautions Bosquet against " ever presuming to say when a new group first...appeared"; on structure of recent chthamalus, see Darwin, Recent Balanidae, 39; see also page 172 on non-existence of extinct Chthamalinae; drawings sent by Bosquet are beautiful; has been "so hard at work for two years at other subjects that cirripedes are gone rather out of my head, which could never boast of a good memory"; compliments Bosquet's ability; Lithotrya specimen must exhibit serrations, important for burrowing, on upper scales of peduncle (see Darwin, Recent Balanidae [ sic; Recent Lepadidae] plate VIII, figure 3d); thus tergal margin of scutum in Bosquet's figure 1 seems too simple for Lithotrya; thinks Bosquet's figure 2 is a carina. Portion of ALS is: skins could be sent through a bookseller; wants "one of your good Carriers (old Cock bird) skinned"; wants estimate of speed at which carriers fly long distances (e.g. 200-400 miles); hopes specimens arrive safely.

General physical description: Portion of AL; 7 3/4 x5; 4p., and portion of ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See More Letters, I, 97 (letter 51); also, CD stopped working on cirripedes in 1854, so he would be two years into another subject, as he claimed in this letter, in 1856.

Does Eyton want a skin, with skull and limbs, of the standard type of country dog in West Africa, sent by Dr. [William Freeman] Daniell, who lives in Sierra Leone; if so, tell CD if skull has any peculiarities; after writing the "long troublesome letter" [see letter of August 31, 1856, above], CD decided to experiment on hawk pellets in Zoological Gardens; others are observing partridge feet; recently found eleven grains of earth on one bird; awaits word both on [Johann Batthaus] Bechstein's claim about incisors of pigs and on origin of Lord [Rowland] Hill's crossed African pig [see letters of August 21 and 31, 1856, above]; supposes Eyton discontinued cross of geese [see letter of August 31, 1856, above]; is using Eyton's papers.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. CD's experiments on hawks in the Zoological Gardens were conducted in October, 1856; see Life and Letters II, 86.

First portion printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 85. At beginning of this portion is: is answering Lady [Mary Elizabeth Horner] Lyell's note to Emma [Wedgwood Darwin, CD's wife], since writing is an exertion for the latter; ² sorry that Mrs. [Leonard] Horner [nee Lloyd] is ill; had planned on visiting Lyell in London, but shall not do so until January, owing to wife's condition; last week [November 6], CD's aunt, [Sarah Elizabeth] Wedgwood, died at Down; supposes Lyell's Madeira paper is ready. Second portion printed; with minor changes: More Letters, I, 97 (letter 51).

General physical description: ALS; 4p. @ 7.25 x4.5, 1p. @ 8 x5; 5p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Emma Darwin, II, 176-77, for death of Sarah Wedgwood. 2. See ibid., 178, for CD's wife's confinement.

Thanks for offer of help, but CD's wife is "going on perfectly well", and as Etty [i.e. CD's daughter Henrietta] is ill and Miss Thorley [governess] is gone, CD's sons should stay at home; "We have now half-a-dozen Boys". ¹

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. This is obviously a roundabout way of announcing the birth of the sixth son to CD's neighbor; December 8, 1856, was the first Monday after the sixth son's birth. See Emma Darwin, II, 178.

Wants facts showing that "a variable species is or is not equally variable at all times & places"; thinks [Davidson's] "profound knowledge of Brachiopoda" should provide examples of such facts; has discussed this subject with the late E[dward] Forbes and with [Samuel Pickworth] Woodward.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Date for this letter determined by Sydney Smith, St. Catharine's College, Cambridge University.

Thanks for letter; Layard's Madagascar expedition should yield odd domestic animals; are hybrid cats fertile; ³ wants confirmation of [Martin Heinrich Carl] Licktenstein's [ sic; Lichtenstein's] assertion ⁴ that the domestic dog, similar to C[anis] mesomelas, which is kept by the natives is sometimes crossed profitably with wild species; do promiscuously-crossed mongrel dogs tend toward an ideal type; did Mr. Fry's feral pigeons from Ascension have black bars on wing and white rumps, or were they checkered like common dovecot pigeon; did Fry ever see a North African greyhound with short, curly tail, as pictured by ancients, but which CD doubts; ⁵ wants specimens of pigeons, ducks, and poultry with "very slight differences"; such differences interest CD "greatly"; doubts that a general synopsis of seafowl exists, but shall check in London.

General physical description: ALS; 28 x5; 6p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Layard left for South Africa in 1855; CD started using the Bromley address in late 1855, and 1856 was the first June in which he did so. CD published Variation under Domestication, containing material received most certainly in reply to this letter, in 1868; CD stopped using the written Bromley address in about April, 1861, meaning that June, 1860, was the last June in which this address was used. 2. Accompanying this letter are two scraps, one with "Charles Darwin/ Down, Kent/ March 19th, 1873.--" in CD's hand, the other with two or three illegible words, not in CD's hand. 3. See Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 44. 4. Lichtenstein, Travels in Southern Africa..., trans. from German by Anne Plumptre, 2v. (London: 1812-1815), II, 272. See also Darwin, op. cit., I, 25. 5. See Darwin, op. cit., I, 17-18, 44, 185f, and 238n.

Thanks for note; information corr. will obtain from [Marie Jean Pierre] Flourens will be valuable; ² has sent Darwin, Journal of Researches [?(1852)] through Williams and Norgate [booksellers]; work on variation will not be published for some years; "I have much to observe, & am keeping for this purpose all the varieties of Pigeons, Poultry, Ducks &c."

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Date determined by Sydney Smith, St. Catharine's College, Cambridge University. 2. See, perhaps, Stauffer, ed., CD's Nat. Selection, 456 and 456n.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 93-94. p. 94, lines 3/4, change "Cocos so near" to "[Cocos Is(land) mass?]". p. 94, line 11, change "one" to "n[orth]." p. 94, line 22, pluralize "Island" and change "has" to "have". At end of letter is: "I have just had Helix Pomatia quite alive & hearty after 20 days under sea-water; & this same individual about six-weeks ago had a [salt-water] bath of 7 days. ¹ P.S. I have really nothing to suggest to Mr. [David] Forbes. ² I am delighted to hear about the Coal Plant & Purbeck Fossils. ³"

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 7p. and fragment of env., end. [C. Darwin/ On instruction for Explo-/ring ship Novara./ Feb. 13. 1857]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Darwin, Origin (1859), 397. 2. Forbes invested in a South American mining company and toured South America from 1857 to 1860 in the company's behalf looking for nickel; Lyell probably asked CD for any advice he might have had for Forbes. 3. See Lyell, Principles of Geology..., 2v., 11th ed. (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1873), I, 159n.

Thanks for sheets that complete Eyton's catalogue; is astounded at Eyton's "superb collection"; fears Eyton was unable to check fertility of Lord [Rowland] Hill's African pigs [see letters of August 21 and October 5, 1856, above]; how goes the work on skeletons of dogs; presumes Eyton does not want skin of West African domestic dog [see letter of October 5, 1856, above]; if Eyton breeds horses, CD wants observations from him on coloring of colts; do convolutions in the trachea of males of a single species of bird ever vary much?

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p.

Thanks for letter and for reference on hybrid; line on growth of bones of birds is new and interesting; ill, but makes "steady progress in my Book on Variation of Species & on domestic varieties"; watch in Ireland or elsewhere for horses or ponies with bars on legs, as with zebra, or on shoulder and along back, as with ass. ²

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. The only two years in which CD both worked on his big book (i.e. Stauffer, ed., CD's Nat. Selection) and visited Moor Park on the twenty-sixth of the month were 1857 and 1858; see "Darwin's Journal," 14. I am guessing at June, 1857, because of the earlier letter to Eyton on June 9, 1857 (above), and because I believe this is the best candidate date for Eyton to have told CD about the growth of bones of birds. 2. See Darwin, Origin (1859), 163-67.

Will send the West African dog skin in the evening; [William Freeman] Daniell assured CD that "it was a very characteristic specimen of the pure native dog of Sierra Leone".

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 1p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See previous reference to this skin in CD to Eyton, June 9, [?1857], above.

Read the enclosed, ¹ pages 38 to 91; "[Karl Theodor Ernst] Von Siebold is about the most careful & profound naturalist in Europe."; found in the book facts such as those requested from Innes regarding bees.

General physical description: ALS; 4 3/4 x8; 1p. (enclosure wanting)

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Siebold, "True Parthogenesis in the Honey-Bee," in On a True Parthenogenesis in Moths and Bees; A Contribution to the History of Reproduction in Animals, tr. by William S. Dallas (London: J. Van Voorst, 1857), 38-91.

Thanks for letter of December 28, with information on resistance of plants to Ceylonese climate and on acclimatization of plants to differing elevations; will quote Thwaites about several species having both alpine and lowland forms and about some having and some not having intermediate varieties; ¹ is it the lowland forms that have much smaller and more numerous flowers with longer, narrower, and less coriaceous leaves; disbelieves, as does [Joseph Dalton] Hooker, the idea that alpine forms have the character of "hariness [?i.e. hairiness]", so is glad that Thwaites does not mention this trait; "I was lately struck by a remark in U[nited] States Naturalist, namely that introduced or naturalised plants at first overrun the whole country, & then in some degree diminish in numbers.... I can see some likely causes of error in the...remark, & yet the fact in itself seems probable."; ² suggests the cultivation of alpine forms in the low country so as to abserve "changes in successive generations."

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Darwin, Origin (1959), 140. 2. Ibid., 64-65.

Printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 112-13.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p., end. [April 25th/ 1858]

Printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 116-17.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 117-18. p. 117, line 5, add: "I shd. not have sent off your letter without further reflexion, for I am at present quite upset, but write now to get subject for time out of mind. But I confess it never did occur to me, as it ought, that [Alfred Russel] Wallace could have made any use of your letter." p. 117, line 12, underline "extremely" once and "now" twice. p. 117, line 21, add: "I do not in least believe that that [ sic] he originated his views from anything which I wrote to him." p. 118, line 14, add: CD's baby has scarlet fever; Etty [i.e. Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield] is weak but recovering.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 8p., end. [received/ 29 June 1858/ 59]

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 118-19. At end of letter is: Emma [Wedgwood Darwin] and CD thank Lady [Mary Elizabeth Horner] L[yell] for note; Etty [see previous letter, above] is weak; baby is feverish; three children in Down have died of scarlet fever.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p.

First portion printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 137 (letter 490). Next portion printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 129-30.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 4p. and env., add. [Sir Charles Lyell/ 53 Harley St/ London/ W.], end. [C. Darwin/ July 18 1858/ My Etna paper & theory/ of craters of Elevatn./ C.D.'s work on Species at/ Linn. Socy.]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. CD's son, Charles Waring Darwin, died on June 28, 1858; see "Darwin's Journal," 14.

Thanks for note and for reference; glad to hear of Eyton's two publications; thinks that on bird skeletons will be "laborious"; ¹ just before leaving Down, CD arranged skeletons of pigeons preparatory to comparison; may consult Eyton on this; is "drawing up a long abstract [later to become Darwin, Origin (1859)] on my notions about Species & Varieties, to be read in parts before Linnean Soc[iet]y"; abstract will be published "late in the autumn"; "My bigger Book [i.e. Darwin, Natural Selection] will not be out for some two or three years."

General physical description: ALS; 7 x4.5 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Eyton, A Catalogue of the Skeletons of Birds in His Possession (London: n.p., 1858).

Has just heard that he (CD) is advertised for presidency of Zoological Section of the B.A.A.S.; must decline position for reasons of health; also, cannot attend [B.A.A.S. meeting] at Leeds [on September 22]; lost no time in informing Phillips of "this mistake".

General physical description: ALS; 7 x4.5 3p.

Thanks for note; sorry to miss [B.A.A.S. meeting at] Leeds [on September 22]; Eyton's skeleton collection is "splendid"; sees that Eyton is publishing on oysters; ¹ will keep Eyton's letter with list of skeletons for future reference; is done with domestic pigeon skeletons and with a monograph on their history, variation, etc., totaling four or five pages, which CD would like to send to Eyton for criticism, along with the few bones which show any diversity; must learn names of some bones from [Hugh] Falconer; on advice of [Charles] Lyell and [Joseph Dalton] Hooker, is preparing abstract of conclusions [Darwin, Origin (1859)] "to be published as small book or read before Linn[ean] Society, & this will for some months stop my regular work. The work is too great for me, but if I live I will finish it: indeed three-fourths is done."; what colors of sire and dam will throw a dun colored horse; what is color, at birth, of colt which will turn into dun; did Eyton ever see an ass with double shoulder stripes on both shoulders; Col[onel] Ham[ilton Charles] Smith has heard of such. ²

General physical description: ALS; 7 x4.5 7p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Eyton, A History of the Oyster and the Oyster Fisheries (London: J. Van Voorst, 1858). 2. See: Darwin, Origin (1859), 163-67; and idem, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 55-64.

In muddy weather, does any dirt cling to the feet of the partridge pheasant or any other birds, especially waders; has some cases of such, but supposes it is rare; case concerns distribution of plants with small seeds; cut off any dirt-clogged feet and send them to CD.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Watermark provides lower endpoint for date. Upper endpoint of 1858 assumed because this topic is discussed in Darwin, Origin (1859), pages 362-63ff. which CD had finished proofing before October 11, 1859 (see "Darwin's Journal," 15). Year of 1858 chosen over 1857 because of black border on stationery.

Has seen Egan's article in Gardeners' Chronicle (edited by [John] Lindley, a friend of CD), and knows that Egan is a member of an agricultural society; do Hungarian horses frequently have a dark stripe down the spine, sometimes also a stripe (sometimes double) on the shoulders (as on the ass), and sometimes cross stripes on the legs; do such stripes occur frequently on the shoulders, on the front or on the hind legs, or on both; what color are horses with such stripes; are stripes plainer in the foal or in full-grown horse; in England, stripes are on duns, but CD unsure of the color of the parents of these duns.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p. and env., add. [M. James Egan/ Hotel Queen of England/ Pesth/ Austria/ via Belgium.]

Thanks for prompt inquiries and reply concerning striped horses [see previous letter, above]; would appreciate any other information, esp. regarding the foal; [John] Lindley [editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle] would like to hear occasionally from Egan on Hungarian horticulture and on "the climate which produces the Tokay wine & fine Hungarian tobacco."

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p. and env., add. [Mr. J. Egan/ Hotel Queen Victoria/ Pesth/ Austria]

Thanks for note of October 28, for poultry paper, and for treatise on pigeons: treatise shows some specimens sont to CD by Elliot to be nearly a century old; treatise shows difference between an Oriental and a European mind; belated thanks for the [Kasoon?] ² fowls; all CD's fowls are in hands of "a very skilful man," [William Bernhard] Tegetmeier, for description, and shall be deposited in British Museum; glad Elliot is joining Linnean Society [elected January 20, 1859]; is willing to sign Elliot's membership certificate; has Elliot seen stripes on backs, shoulders, and legs of horses and on legs of donkeys; asks for specific details about horses with stripes.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p., end. [Charles Darwin/ Abt Kabutar namah 1/ & marks on Horses.]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. "Kabutar namah" is Hindustani for "pigeon reverence" or "pigeon salutation". 2. "Kaseen" may be CD's spelling of the Hindustani "kashin", which means "large" or "copious". See Duncan Forbes, A Dictionary, Hindustani and English..., new edition (London: Wm. H. Allen & Co., 1859).

Printed in full, with minor changes; Life and Letters II, 151-52. Enclosure printed on page 152.

General physical description: ALS; 4p. and enc. @ 8 x5, 2p. @ 6.25 x3 3/4; 6p. and 1p. enc.

Access digital object:
http://diglib.amphilsoc.org/fedora/repository/graphics:721

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions; Life and Letters II, 152-53. At end of letter is; Emma [Wedgwood Darwin] goes to London for two or three days on Friday [April 1] and will visit Lyells on Saturday morning.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p. and env., add. [Sir Ch. Lyell/ 53 Harley St/ London/ W.], end. [C. Darwin/ March 30/ Origin/ Of Species/ 1859]

Printed in full, with minor changes; Life and Letters (seventh thousand revised, 1888), II, 159.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 125 (letter 77).

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. This month and year were provided without explanation or justification with the printed version. The month might be a bit early in the year.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters (seventh thousand revised, ¹ 1888), II, 163-65. p. 163, line 3, missing name is "Emma [Wedgwood Darwin]". At end of letter is: whole family is ill; when proofs are finished (14 or 20 days), will leave for two months of hydropathy and rest; regards to wife; "I have read some of [Joseph Dalton] Hooker's Introduction to Australian Flora, ² & he gives up species in grand style."; "I enclose P.S. of letter from [Alfred Russel] Wallace lately received."

General physical description: ALS; 10 x8; 4p. (enclosure wanting)

Other Descriptive Information: 1. The first portion of the letter is also omitted in the first edition. 2. The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of N.M. Discovery-Ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843..., Pt. III: Flora Tasmaniae, 2v. (London: Lovell Reeve, 1860), I, i-cxxviii. This "Introductory Essay" is dated "November, 4, 1859" on page cxxviii; it was reprinted separately in 1859, and portions of it appeared in some contemporary journals. In it, Hooker announced his acceptance of CD's theory of evolution by natural selection.

Hears that Butler is wandering about Scotland, so presumes she cannot go to Ilkley, but invites her anyway, since CD may not be able to take family; "It would be...terrible to go into that great place & not know a soul. But if you were there I should feel safe & home-like."; CD's book [ Origin (1859)] is so nearly finished that he "shall be a free man at the end of this month"; thinks he will be in Ilkley for three or four weeks, followed by a week or so in Down and then a few weeks at Moor Park.

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. CD's only visit to Ilkley occurred in 1859; see "Darwin's Journal," 15.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 166-67. At end of letter is: ill; leaves for Ilkley on October 3 [ sic; October 2], by which time CD will have finished the "last revises [of the proofs of Origin (1859)], index & all"; fears it is too late for the whale correction, but has written to inquire about it; ¹ "In Lecture to R[oyal] I[nstitution] [Richard] Owen showed that he believed in whale."

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 8p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Darwin, Origin (1859), 303-04; cf. ibid. (1860), 304. Apparently Lyell's claim about a whale fossil in the greensand was incorrect, so CD had it removed.

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: Life and Letters II, 168-69. p. 168, line 1, add: "The sheet with the whale-case has been printed off." p. 169, line 15, change "Chapter VIII" to "Ch. XIII". At end of letter is: leaves for Ilkley on September 29, arriving October 1; remembrances to Lyell's wife.

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 6p.

Printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 169-71.

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 7p. and fragment of env., add. [Sir Charles Lyell/ Shielhill/ Kirriemuir/ Scotland], end. [C. Darwin/ finding out what the problems/ were to be solved more/ difficult than solution/ Sept. 1859]

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 208-15. p. 213, line 11, add: on primrose and cowslip, has whole case written out in eight to ten pages; evidence bears out CD's conclusions; had experimented on this, but illness stopped the work; suggests that [Charles James Fox] Bunbury perform experiments, gives instructions for same; "I am assured if you sow lots of Polyanthus seed (but then these ought to have been secured from cross, & if starved plants the better) & sown in poor soil, you will get sometimes primroses & [other times] cowslips." p. 214, line 30, underline twice the "per-" in "perverted".

General physical description: ALS; 8.25 x6.5 22p.

Printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 173-75.

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x4 3/4; 8p. and env., add. [Sir Charles Lyell/ at C.J.F. Bunbury's Esqr/ Mildenhall[suffolk], end. [C. Darwin, Oct. 20th 1859/ "Creation." & archetypal creature/ Selection sufficient./ Droughts do not annihilate/ species.]

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 176-77. At beginn ing of letter is: gives "very hypothetical" doctrine of [Peter Simon] Pallas as it applies to domestic dogs, viz. that present races of domestic dogs were produced by domestication of wolf in one country, of fox in another, etc., and by subsequent crossing; American dogs have descended from three or four "aboriginally distinct" species, and Europeans from several others; "We believe that all canine species have descended from one parent"; unclear whether all or only some differences in present breeds originated since domestication; importance of period of gestation has been exaggerated; races of man a great difficulty; does not believe Pallas's or [Jean Louis Rodolphe] Agassiz's claim that there are several species of man; [Sepoy] mutiny in India "stopped some important enquiries" about man; "I do not attribute much effect to climate &c."; some plants migrated through tropical lowlands during the glacial period; is lame; hopes H[enry] Holland will not review [ Origin (1859)] in Q. Rev. because Holland "is so presumptuous & knows so little."

General physical description: ALS; 8.25 x6.5 8p.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 127-28 (letter 80).

General physical description: ALS; 8.25 x6.5 4p.

Printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters (seventh thousand revised, 1888), II, 228-30.

General physical description: ALS; 8.25 x6.5 4p.

Thanks for note; CD's book [ Origin (1859)] will "horrify & disgust" Eyton; "several high authorities" approved of CD's theories "far more... than I expected"; would like book to which Eyton refers; admires Eyton's zeal in going to Hythe to drill.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 2p.

Printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters (seventh thousand revised, 1888), II, 233-34. The enclosure reads: "Erasmus [Darwin] says about my Book [ Origin (1859)] `In fact the a priori reasoning is so entirely satisfactory to me, that if the facts wont fit in, why so much the worse for the facts is my feeling.'!" It is printed on page 233.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 4p. and 1p. enc.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters (seventh thousand revised, 1888), II, 235-36. p. 235, line 3, add: has added a sentence on pheasants crossing; ¹ has discussed this fully in [Darwin, Natural Selection]; pheasant species mentioned by CD undoubtedly blend by crossing, but CD is unsure whether the crosses are " quite fertile" inter se; cannot say more on this or on mistaken instincts because MS is at Down; would tell of blunder regarding instinct of wood ant, but the story is too long.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Compare Darwin, Origin (1859), 253, to ibid. (1860), 253. Or see Peckham, Variorum Origin, 433; the added sentence is numbered "69.1:b".

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 136-37 (letter 91). At end of letter is: "About rattle-snake I meant to have added, suppose the bead at end of tail of Trigonocephalus not to be moulted at each exuviation & to grow bigger with each new skin."

General physical description: AL, S by init.' 3.5 x8.25 2p. (enclosure wanting)

Printed: Life and Letters (seventh thousand revised, 1888), II, 236-37. p. 237, line 4, add: "I see he [John Crawford] does not even give me credit for knowing anything about the wild Columbidae allied to the Rock-pigeon!" p. 237, lines 9/10, change "several notes from ----" to "second note from [John] Phillips". p. 237, line 12, add: "Can he [Phillips] be staggered & have the fear of Oxford before his eyes." p. 237, line 12, change "X. says he" to "[Thomas Henry] Huxley says Phillips". At end of letter is: "I wish there was any chance of [Joseph] Prestwich being shaken; but I fear he is too much of a catastrophist."

General physical description: ALS; 8.25 x6.5 4p.

First portion printed, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 129 (letter 81). line 3, add: "for he [Robert FitzRoy] wrote to me the other day on population of world not having increased, & in his Voyages there is the pebble theory. ¹" At end of this portion is: "What a mixture of conceit & folly, & the greatest newspaper in the world, inserts it!" Next portion printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters (seventh thousand revised, 1888), II, 239.

General physical description: ALS; 8.25 x6.5 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle..., 3v. Vol. II: Proceedings of the Second Expedition, 1831-1836 (London: Henry Colburn, 1839).

Thanks for letter of November 19; is " delighted that we agree" in part regarding "mutability of species"; will read [Quatrefages's] correspondence if published; C[harles] Lyell, [Joseph Dalton] Hooker, [William Benjamin] Carpenter, [Thomas Henry] Huxley, and others agree with CD's views; whole first edition [of Darwin, Origin (1859)], 1250 copies, was sold first day; publisher is now printing 3,000 more copies; [Anne-Louise Swanton] Belloc planned to translate Origin into French but found it too technical; knows [Quatrefages] is too busy to translate the book, but could he find a publisher, translator, or eminent naturalist to act as editor; will send copy of "2nd & corrected Edition" to any translator.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Correspondent is clearly French; Quatrefages is the most likely candidate, since he is known to have written an early congratulation to CD for the publication of the Origin. See Life and Letters (seventh thousand revised, 1888), II, 234. 2. CD was actually in Ilkley; see "Darwin's Journal," 15.

Printed: Life and Letters (seventh thousand revised, 1888), II, 239-40. At beginning of letter is: thanks for suggestions [for Origin (1860)]; could not include references on imperfection of geological record [chapter IX]; estimate of 100,000 years for Mississippi deposition is taken from an extract of [Laurent-Guillaume] De Kerninck [ sic; de Koninck] or [Étienne-Jules-Adolphe Desmier de Saint-Simon, Vicomte] d'Archaic; will now be more assertive about estimate, since Lyell's estimate agrees; ¹ on richness of Purbeck beds, will add "for thickness of beds"; ² "On Friday I had interview with Sir H[enry] Holland, & found him going immense way with us (ie all Birds from one)--good, as showing how wind blows."; thinks the bigger of Lyell's interesting celts might have been used by those Eskimos who did not have iron to cut holes in ice and to kill glacial elephant and rhinoceros. p. 239, line 1, change "interviews" to "interview", and missing name is "[Richard] Owen". p. 239, line 2, add: "but please repeat nothing. Under garb of great civility, he was inclined to be most bitter & sneering against me. Yet". p. 239, line 4, add: "He was quite savage & crimson at my having put his name with defenders of immutability. When I said that was my impression & that of others, for several had remarked to me, that he would be dead against me: he then spoke of his own position in science & that of all the naturalists in London, `with your [Thomas Henry] Huxleys', with a degree of arrogance I never saw approached." p. 240, line 9, add: "in most sneering tone". p. 240, line 23, add: "Lastly I thanked him him [ sic] for Bear & Whale criticism, & said I had struck it out.-- `Oh have you, well I was more struck with this than any other passage; you little know of the remarkable & essential relationship between bears & whales.'...by Jove I believe he thinks a sort of Bear was the grandpapa of Whales!.... ³ We parted with high terms of consideration; which on reflexion I am almost sorry for. He is the most astounding creature I ever encountered."

General physical description: ALS; 8.25 x6.5 6p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. For Lyell's estimate, see Lyell, A Second Visit to the United States of North America (London: John Murray, 1849), II, 248ff, esp. 250 and 250n. For Archaic's estimate, see Archaic, "Sur les formations dites pélagiques, et sur la profondeur à laquelle ont dû se déposer les couches de sédiment," Bull. Soc. géol. Fr., 14 (1842-1843); 517-25. For CD's passage, of. Origin (1859), 284, and ibid. (1860), 284; or see Peckham, Variorum Origin, 481-82, sentences 49 and 50. 2. Cf. Darwin, Origin (1859), 303, and ibid. (1860), 304; or see Peckham, Variorum Origin, 508, sentence 193. 3. Cf. Darwin, Origin (1859), 184, with ibid. (1860), 184; or see Peckham, Variorum Origin, 333, sentence 98.

Recommends [Edward] Blyth for position as naturalist on the China Expedition.

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 3p. and end. [C. Darwin, the Distinguished/ Naturalist, Ansd. 11/1./59]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Sykes apparently erred in his endorsement date; see letter to Lyell, December 29, 1859, below.

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: Life and Letters II, 245-46. p. 246, line 8, add: "What a marvellous geological Noah's ark that fossil tree in N. America was!"

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x4 3/4; 4p.

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: More Letters, I, 133-34. (letter 87). At end of letter is: "I doubt whether [Joseph Dalton] Hooker will succeed (anyhow I tried & failed) in keeping parts of Tropics hot, whilst other parts...[incomplete portion ends here]"

General physical description: AL (incomplete); 8.25 x6.5 4p. and env., add. [Sir C. Lyell/ 53. Harley St./ London/ (W.)], end. [C Darwin/ references to Clift &/ Lyell & Darwins journl. on/ connexionof extinct & existing/ types in S. America./ Dec 27.1859]

Encloses note about [Edward] Blyth, as requested; Lyell should write such a note; also wrote to Col. [William Henry] Sykes; ¹ suspects that [Thomas Henry] Huxley is author of article in the Times; ² has not read notice in Daily News; has received "civil note" from [Robert] Chambers, containing news of an abstract in Chambers's Journal; ³ surprised (and said so to [Richard] Owen) at passage in Lyell's book; has not alluded to supposed British [Trias?] Mammal; believes not that mundane glacial period destroyed "all Tropical production," but that tropical and temperate forms mingled together on the plains during that period, as do [Joseph Dalton] Hooker's Himalayan forms; could give a Mexican example; "Anything on earth I can do in giving references &c &c will be a real pleasure...."; received letter from [James Dwight] Dana, who is "quite disable in his head" from overwork and is resting in Florence. ⁴

General physical description: AL, S by init.; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See letter to Sykes, December 20, 1859, above. 2. Huxley's review of Darwin's Origin appeared in the London Times on December 26, 1859; see also Life and Letters II, 252-55. 3. [Chambers], "Charles Darwin on the Origin of Species," Chambers's Journal, 12 (July-December, 1859): 388-91. 4. See Daniel C. Gilman, The Life of James Dwight Dana (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1899), 177.

Very kind of Miller to do work completely; at present, will only publish the general result; measurements at upper thick end of comb are "most trustworthy", since bees "economise every particle of wax" and thus skimp on border cells; is glad that CD not as wrong as feared, even if accuracy was a result of "mere chance"; CD's original rough measurements were made in middle of comb, but recent discouraging measurements were made on border.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. This letter appears to follow letters 73 to 75 in More Letters, I, 121-124.

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: Life and Letters II, 260-61. p. 260, line 7, add: argument in review [of Darwin, Origin (1859)] in Saturday Review is confined to geology, but reviewer gives CD "some perfectly just & severe raps on Knuckles." ¹ p. 261, line 2, add: [John Gwyn] Jeffreys sent letter with "nonsense" about non-migration of sea-shells. At end of letter is: will send long letter from H[ewett] C[ottrell] Watson which CD has not read.

General physical description: AL, S by init.; 8 x5; 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See "Darwin's Origin of Species," Sat. Rev., 8 (1859): 775-76.

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: Life and Letters II, 264-66. At beginning of letter is: is answering Lyell point by point; "Parthenogenesis (p. 96) is nothing & I know not why I inserted it in list." ¹ p. 265, lines 6/7, remove parentheses around "only vaguely". p. 265, line 23, add: "I am very sorry that [John] Lindley did not write in Gardener's Chronicle."; and, after "Andrew Murray", add: "(the entomologist & dabbler in Botany)".

General physical description: ALS; 8.25 x6.5 5p. and env., add. [Sir C. Lyell/ 53. Harley St./ London/ (W.)], end. [C. Darwin/ Mortality of/ children./ Man originally an/ hermaphrodite./ Blind genusof/ insect with wide range/ Man & Spencer's/ Psychology.]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Cf. Darwin, Origin (1859), 96; and ibid. (1860), 96. Or see Peckham, Variorum Origin, 185, lines 128 and 128:b.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 266. At beginning of letter is: now that CD knows that [Joseph Dalton] Hooker is its author, has reread review in Gardeners' Chronicle; ¹ letter from [John Gwyn] Jeffreys is not worth sending, it says nothing about migration but refers to two papers, one on Testacea; ² spoke too strongly about Jeffreys's non-migration views; thinks Jeffreys "far too narrow & decided" in his opposition to [Edward] Forbes; is convinced from littoral shells at Galapagos that such shells have great power of migration; one of grandest points in Hooker's Essay ³ is demonstration that New Zealand has not been even nearly continuously united with Australia in recent times. p. 266, line 14, add: "I agree with [Thomas Henry] Huxley that it is a difficulty about no ascertained varieties known to have been raised by man, being sterile together: varieties of same kind, I believe, not rarely prefer pairing together; I have fact on this head. But I think Huxley had not considered my discussion (p. 268 New Edit. [i.e. Darwin, Origin (1860), 268])"; sterility of varieties of Verbascum and of tobaccos are wonderful cases; subject of sterility is "profoundly mysterious"; has been reading Isidore [Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire's] Life ⁴ of [his father, Étienne] Geoffroy St. Hilaire, plus the latter's Principes; ⁵ thinks latter man was "a rather doubtful maintainer of change of species"; former man has written to CD that he [i.e. Isidore] is "a firm maintainer of such views" and has sent a publication to show this; on Cave insects, difficulty applies chiefly in case of America and Europe, over which the same seeing genera range; if Lyell knows of any miocene or pliocene fossil insect in North America, such fact would make Lyell's hint very valuable. p. 266, line 17, "E." is "Emma [Wedgwood Darwin]". At end of letter is: can Lyell suggest a German translator; Madame [Anne Louise Swanton] Belloc finds [Darwin, Origin (1859)] too difficult to translate into French, but CD has just received letter from Frenchman eager to translate.

General physical description: ALS; 8.25 x6.5 6p. and env., add. [Sir C. Lyell/ 53. Harley St./ London/ (W.)], end. [C. Darwin/ Domestic vars of dog &c not/ as Huxley says far eno'/ to be sterile/ Cave insects common to N./ America & Europe./ Hooker on New Zealand/ not united in post-plio-/ cene times with Australia.]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Gdnrs' Chron,, December 31, 1859. For a recent reprint of part of the review, see David L. Hull, Darwin and His Critics: The Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by the Scientific Community (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1973), 81-86. 2. Jeffreys, "On the Marine Testacea of the Piedmontese Coast," Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 17 (1856): 155-88. 3. "Introductory Essay," in The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H. M. Discovery-Ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843..., Pt. III: Flora Tasmaniae, 2v. (London: Lovell Reeve, 1860), I, i-cxxviii. 4. Vie, travaux et doctrine scientifique d'E. Geoffroy Saint Hilaire (Paris: Strasbourg, 1847). 5. Principes de philosophie zoologique... (Paris: Acad. des Sciences, 1830).

Sorry [Quatrofages] has been ill; thanks for "great Kindness"; man wishing to translate Darwin, [ Origin (1859)] is M. [Pierre Theodore Alfred] Talandier, Professor of French at Royal Military College at Sandhurst, who writes well and is clever; if Talandier cannot find a publisher or changes his mind, CD will write to [Quatrefages]; heard that morning from N[orth] America that Darwin, [ Origin (1859)] is "exciting considerable attention there amongst the naturalists", but [Jean Louis Rodolphe] Agassiz is "very savage at it"; has [Henri] Milne-Edwards read his copy [of Darwin, Origin (1859)] and what is his reaction; ¹ are [Quatrefage's] lectures on anthropology ² published?

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. The small portion of this letter dealing with Milne-Edwards has been printed, with minor changes, in two locations: Life and Letters (seventh thousand revised, 1888), II, 235; and More Letters, I, 136 (letter 90). 2. "Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. Anthropologie. Cours de M. de Quatrefages," Rev. scient., Paris, 5 (1867-1868): 366-69, 431-38, 450-55, 495-503, 510-18, 528-36, 544-50, 559-64, 579-84, 592-600, 621-31, 655-64, 685-96, 707-12, 720-28, 730-44, and 751-60.

Thanks for assistance; encloses bank draft; wants "Agassiz Index Generum--it is a one volume Book & distinct from the Nomenclator"; ¹ [Jean Louis Armand de] Quatrefage[s de Bréau] is sending a book to CD via corr.; please send volumes to 57 Queen Anne Street, Cavendish Square.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 2p., end. [1860/ C. Darwin Esqre/ Jan 30]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Apparently a reference to Agassiz, Nomenclatoris Zoologici Index Universalis... (Soloduri: Jent et Gassman, 1848). This was a one-volume supplementary fascicle to Agassiz's Nomenclator Zoologicus....

Thanks for list of Galapagos birds; if not too late, will include it in Darwin, Journal of Researches, ¹ and will correct Darwin, Origin; ² the wren is Sylvicola aureola, figured in [Darwin], Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle; ³ have assumed it is confined to the archipelago; is surprised that Zenaida [ galapagoensis] probably occurs on mainland; reiterates need for examples of variation of "abnormal parts" of birds, encloses list of examples of same.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p. and end. [5214/ C. Darwin/ Feb. 1860/ Abt Birds] (enclosure wanting)

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Darwin, Journal of Researches (1860), vii and 378-81. 2. Cf. Darwin, Origin (1860), 391, and ibid. (1861), 422. Or see Peckham, Variorum Origin, 620, lines 61 through 61:c. 3. Darwin, Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle ([1838]-1843), Pt. III: Birds, by John Gould (1838-1841), 86 and Plate XXVIII.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 280. At beginning of letter is: sends letters from [Heinrich Georg] Bronn, from Asa Gray, and from [Charles James Fox] Bunbury; ¹ has told Bunbury that undulatory theory of light is not a "vera causa"; on glacial distribution, Gray, in his letter, put CD's name before that of [Edward] Forbes, but Forbes deserves priority because he published first, even if CD had written out the notion earlier; will send first part of Gray's "excellent Review" ² and notice by Bronn; ³ has just heard that, and is pleased that, Bronn will superintend the German translation of Darwin, Origin (1859); leave letters at home of Erasmus [Alvey Darwin]; will be in London "in fortnight". p. 280, line 2, add: "he hardly gave idea of my notions".

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Life and Letters II, 268-73 and 276-80. 2. "Review of Darwin's Theory on the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection," Am. J. Sci. (Silliman's J.), 29 (1860): 153-84. 3. Neues Jb. Niner. Geol. Palaont., 1860; 112-16; for a recent English translation, see David L. Hull, Darwin and His Critics: The Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by the Scientific Community (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1973), 118-25.

Thanks for valuable information [see letter to Sclater dated February 4, 1860, above]; asked G[eorge] R[obert] Gray about Otus [galapagoensis] and Zenaida [galapagoensis]; ¹ do Strix punctatissima or Pyrocephalus nanus [on the Galapagos] differ in any degree whatever in size and duskiness from same species on mainland? ²

General physical description: ALS; 8 x4 3/4; 2p. and end. [5208/ C. Darwin/ Feb. 1860/ About Birds]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Darwin, Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle ([1838]-1843), Pt. III: Birds, by John Gould (1838-1841), 32-33, 115-16, and Plates III and XLVI. 2. Ibid., 34-35, 45-46, and Plates IV and VII.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 284-86. At beginning of letter is: thanks for news; [?Auguste] Bravard's discoveries are magnificent, especially fact of "Palaeotherium Paranense" taken with "Nebraska Palaeotherium"; Bravard has sent two Spanish pamphlets with "strange geological doctrine, of whole enormous Pampean deposit being a subaerial deposit"; Bravard disputes unconvincingly the coembedment of Bahia Blanca fossils and recent shells; whole skeletons, including kneecap, cannot wash from one formation to another. p. 285, line 11, add: "The expression `coincidence' in time & space between new & old species is unfortunate, as he believes, as we do, that new species are very slowly formed." p. 285, line 14, add: believes aberrant Anoa, or so-called antelope, is really small buffalo; work out interesting fact of Loess Man belonging to peculiar group of men; remember that fossil monkey was very manlike in middle Tertiary; will send Asa Gray's review when received from [Joseph Dalton] Hooker. ¹ p. 285, line 23, incomplete letter in possession of APS ends at "I wish". First enc. reads as follows: "Many thanks for [Charles James Fox] Bunbury letter received this morning & for your note. I doubt whether I use term Natural Selection more as a Person, than writers use Attraction of Gravity as governing the movement of Planets &c but I suppose I could have avoided the ambiguity. 16th". Second enc. is: hopes Lyell discovers for what the great celts were used, since this bears on civilisation of old natives; [John Stevens] Henslow will visit celt beds in France during spring.

General physical description: AL (incomplete); 8.25 x6.5 (enclosures smaller); 4p. and 2p. enc. and 1p. enc.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See letter to Lyell dated February 12, 1860, above.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 140-43 (letter 95). p. 142, line 19, change "polypus" to "polyps". p. 142, line 28, change "a future" to "any future". p. 143, line 13, change "at most" to "almost". Small portion also printed in Life and Letters II, 275.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 10p. and fragment of env., add. [Sir C. Lyell/ 53. Harley St./ London/ (W.)], end. [C. Darwin/ Asa Gray's/ review of-/ Harveys Monstrosity/ in Bigonia/ Bronn/ Feby 20./ 1860]

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 289-91. p. 289, line 10, add: [Joseph Dalton] Hooker will answer [William Henry] Harvey's notice [in Gardeners' Chronicle] if [John] Lindley [the editor] will permit; ¹ Lyell can see this answer when at Down [March 9-13]; on issue of abrupt changes, case of Aspicarpa, like that of the differences between outer and inner florets of compositous and umbelliferous plants, is important case of modification of very important characters by correlation of growth, but it is not a case of abrupt origin of new forms; has tried to find cases of the latter but found only one "apparent case" in the Campanulaceae; concerning animals, besides case of monstrous goldfish, ² has case of monstrous eels examined by [Jean Louis Rodolphe] Agassiz, but is unsure of this case; "On the whole I still feel excessively doubtful whether such abrupt changes have more than very rarely taken place." p. 290, line 12, add: does not understand [Heinrich Georg] Bronn's quote about Lyell; has read of infusorial experiments in Paris rejected as inaccurate by [Jean Louis Armand de] Quatrefage[s de Bréau]; similar old experiments were performed more carefully in Germany, with negative results.

General physical description: ALS; 8.5 x6.5 6p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See: Life and Letters II, 274-76; and Gdnrs' Chron., February 18, 1860. 2. See More Letters, I, 141 (letter 95).

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 291. At beginning of letter is: glad to hear about [Richard] Owen; expects "many & bitter sneers" from Owen; glad Lyell used the same safe and true argument as [Herbert] Spencer's to the Bishop [?Samuel Wilberforce]. At end of letter is: sends portion of letter from [Heinrich Georg] Bronn which shows that Bronn is thinking more about [Darwin, Origin (1859)]; Bronn will translate it himself; has had letter from Sir W[illiam] Jardine, who opposes CD, but attack on CD's ornithological accuracy by Jardine is worthless; Jardine says Andrew Murray has read paper against CD; ¹ does not know if degraded Aspicarpa flowers make fruit, but some other degraded flowers are abnormally fertile; agrees with criticisms of H. Spencer; has read Spencer's essay on population in which Spencer "publishes such dreadful hypothetical rubbish on the nature of reproduction." ²

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. "On Mr. Darwin's Theory of the Origin of Species," Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., 4 (1857-1862): 274-91. 2. "A Theory of Population, Deduced from the General Law of Animal Fertility," Westminster Review, 57 (January-April, 1852): 468-501.

Thanks for note of December 10 and valuable bundle of Leidy's publications; Leidy's palaeontology is highly regarded; Leidy's support is especially valuable because most palaeontologists "despise my work"; all older geologists except [Charles] Lyell are even more vehemently opposed; several younger geologists, however, support CD, especially on imperfection of geological record; is delighted that Leidy has evidence to support CD because, although CD himself will continue to work on the subject of evolution, "the sole way of getting my views partially accepted will be by sound workers showing that they partially accept them. I say partially, for I have never for a moment doubted, that though I cannot see my errors, that much in my Book [ Origin (1859)] will be proved erroneous."

General physical description: Typed copy of ALS; 111 x8.5 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Original of this letter is at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 295.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. This letter might be dated incorrectly by CD, since Lyell's species notebooks show him visiting CD until March 13, and this latter date seems like a more natural one for this letter. See Leonard G. Wilson, ed., Sir Charles Lyell's Scientific Journals on the Species Question (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1970), 363 and 398. For further discussion of Greeks, see ibid., 364-65.

Lyell is kind; hopes enc. will do; did not mention personal qualifications, of which CD is ignorant; could not allude to "precedent under [Robert John Eden,] L[or]d Aukland" because CD knows nothing about such precedent, not even whether there was a naturalist [?on the expedition]; will write to [Edward] Blyth in afternoon. Next portion printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 297-98.

General physical description: AL, S by init.; 4.5 x7; 2p. (enclosure wanting)

Other Descriptive Information: 1. This letter must have been written after the publication of Sedgwick's review of Darwin, Origin (1859), which appeared in the Spectator on March 24, 1860, and it must have been written before the letter to Asa Gray dated April 3, [1860], printed in Life and Letters II, 296-97, because this letter claims that CD and Lyell agree that Sedgwick is the Spectator's reviewer.

Wants to know history of strongly marked domestic breeds of animals; thinks archaeologists may know when dray horses were first recorded; does Way know any archaeologists who can help on this point; should CD ask for help in Notes and Queries, "though that is a periodical I have no means of seeing"; "Eheu Eheu, the old Crux Major days are long past." ²

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. The combination of type of Down address variant used on this letter with a watermark of 1859 occurred, apparently, only between late 1859 and mid-1860. 2. See Barlow, ed., Autobiography, 62-63. Panagaeus crux-major, a species of beetle, was collected by CD and Way while they were classmates at Cambridge.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 300-01. p. 300, line 5, add: "I have got [the first number of the short-lived journal called] `The Future' [published April, 1860], but cannot clearly make head or tail of it." p. 300, line 28, missing name is [Richard] Owen. p. 301, line 8, add: "makes me say that the dorsal vertebrae of pigeons vary & refers to page where the word dorsal does not appear. Sneers at my saying a certain organ is the branchiae of Balanidae; whilst in his own `Invertebrata' ¹ published before I published on cirripedes, he calls them organs without doubt branchiae." p. 301, line 10, missing name is Owen. At end of letter is: "How hard it is to please everyone. I told [Joseph Beete] Jukes that I sh[oul]d leave out in any next Edition [of Darwin, Origin] about the Weald, ² & he demurred greatly & said `he almost fancied he had written [it] himself,' as he bravely told [Roderick Impey] Murchison."

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 8p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Richard Owen, Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Invertebrate Animals... (London: Longmans, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1843), 158. 2. Cf. Darwin, Origin (1860), 285ff, and ibid. (1861), 308; or see Peckham, Variorum Origin, 483-85, lines 57-71.

Thanks for [Bronn's] "Untersuchungen uber [ sic] die Entwickelung" and two copies of "Morphologische Studien," just received; will send extra copy of latter to "some good man"; thanks also for portrait.

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x4 3/4; 1p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Date and correspondent are obvious from the contents, as the following indicates: Bronn's books are Untersuchungen über die Entwickelungs-Gesetze der organischen Welt... (Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagshandlung und Druckerei, 1858) and Morphologische Studien über die Gestaltungs-Gesetze der Naturkörper überhaupt... (Leipzig and Heidelberg: C. F. Winter'sche Verlagshandlung, 1858). CD offered the extra copy of the latter book to Thomas Henry Huxley; see More Letters, II, 232 (letter 566).

Printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 303-04. p. 303, line 4, after "noticing", add: "[Richard] Owen's".

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 6p.

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 30 (letter 403). At beginning of letter is: thanks for [John Strong] Newberry; ¹ "the non-comittal [ sic] men do not always most help a science"; sent "clever review" by [Antoine Auguste] Laugel ² & address of President of Tyneside Naturalists; ³ regarding dogs, although the case is doubtful, CD favors multiple origins, but prefers not to nommit himself until he can weigh all evidence; given the volume of discussion since [Peter Simon] Pallas, "I do not at all believe that [Richard] Owen did not know perfectly well some of the wild Canidae to which I alluded"; dogs of the world mingle the bloods of the European wolf, two distinct North American wolves, probably the Guyana dog or wolf, and probably (according to Pallas and Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire) several wild races of jackal; will compile facts in present volume, ⁴ but not in Origin; [John William] Dawson's remark on variability of Canidae will be hard to prove; ⁵ has received Lyell's budgets; thanks for drawings, sent on to Paris; supposes that [William Benjamin] Carpenter calls Vertebrata a class and birds an order, but this is unusual, and estimating the value of groups is "hopelessly difficult"; case of spitz dog is from [Johann Matthäus] Bechstein, [ Gemeinützige Naturgeschichte Deutschlands nach allen drei Reichen, 2nd ed., 4v. (Leipzig: Bey S. L. Crusius, 1801-1809), I, 638]; case of sheep and goat in Chile is "nearest case [ever] of reversion to one pure parent by repeated crosses"; such reversion is easy, and the number of generations needed to do it with various plants has been set by [Karl Friedrich von] Gärtner and perhaps [Joseph Gottlieb] Kölreuter; such reversion has been effected with Phasianus colchicus and P. versicolor; but Lyell refers to reversion only when hybrids are bred inter se, so Lyell's case seems "very wonderful & improbable"; is interested in Lyell's closing remarks.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 8p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Probably "Notes on the Ancient Vegetation of North America," Am. J. Sci. ( Silliman's J.), 29 (1860): 208-18. 2. See Revue des Deux Mondes, April 1, 1860. 3. Probably in Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club, 4 (1858-1860). 4. Darwin, Variation under Domestication, 2v. (1868), esp. chap. 1. 5. Dawson, Archaia (Montreal: B. Dawson & Son, 1860). Lyell was reading this book at the time; see Life of Lyell, II, 332.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 261-62. At beginning of letter is: has been promised, and will send, an arrowhead found in peat by Col. Erskine in Aberdeenshire, which was found with many others in one place "where there were stones pitted for the manufacture"; similarly, John [William] Lubbock [Baron Avebury] says flints in France are found in such vast numbers in peat that M. [Jacques] Boucher [de Crèvecoeur] de Perthes said Lubbock might take as many as he liked; these facts remove great difficulty in case of gravel-bed celts, viz. their large numbers; hopes Lyell will return to France; it took sketch by Lubbock to make positions of celts clear to CD; case deserves months of work; will keep [John Strong] Newberry's interesting paper [see preceding letter, above]; pleased at how strongly Newberry asserted existence of American continent since Palaeozoic times; suspects CD's "crude notion" of cause for our ignorance of pre-Palaeozoic deposits will be shown to be true. p. 261, line 8, add: look at Spirifers arranged by [John William] Salter. ²

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 6p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Printed version is incorrectly dated January 4, 1860. 2. See Life and Letters II, 366-67.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 306-07. At beginning of letter is: Lyell's letter contained "much news"; did not know that, despite efforts of [Roderick Impey] Murchison, the Cambrian, or [Joachim] Barrande's primordial, has been separated from the Lower Silurian; sorry that CD shall not be in London [?to attend meeting of Geological Society of London] on 16th because CD wanted to hear papers; ¹ has written to [John William] Lubbock, [Baron Avebury], about meeting; will stay at home because daughter Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield] has remittent fever [malaria]. p. 306, line 6, add: concerning aster, remembers paper by Asa Gray and another that gives cases of two forms specifically distinct but "perfectly united by intermediate varieties or links." p. 307, line 5, add: "I do not suppose that this is much of honour; but".

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 6p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. G. P. Wall, "On the Geology of a Part of Venezuela and of Trinidad," Q. Jl geol. Soc. Lond., 16 (1860): 460-70; and E. Lartet, "On the Coexistence of Man with Certain Extinct Quadrupeds...," ibid., 471-79.

Printed: Life and Letters II, 308-09. p. 308, line 7, add: Thanks for letter of 15th; new facts about man are interesting; [Thomas Taylor] Lewis takes account of rabbit and hare from Isidore Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire, but CD did not see original account; would like to ascertain origin of original hybrids because there is an old variety called "Hare-rabbit"; gives similar case of "pheasant-fowl" hybrids that were really varieties; wants to see [Hermann] Schaafhausen's pamphlet on natural selection; ¹ has ordered "Canadian Mag." ² p. 309, line 5, add: ill health and interruptions slow CD's progress; "I can very plainly see, as I lately told [Joseph Dalton] Hooker, that my Book [ Origin (1859)] would have been & [would] be a mere flash in the pan, were it not for you, Hooker & a few others." At end of letter is: daughter Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield] is slightly better, has been ill three weeks; has read [?review of Darwin, Origin (1859)] by [Dominique Alexandre] Godron and found it commonplace, in contrast to "capital paper on Means of Distribution"; ³ has received eight-page poem, in unknown hand, "quizzing & lauding" CD and his [ Origin]; in case CD had not mentioned before, some time ago a Manchester newspaper published a "very good & long quiz...showing that I had proved that `might was right' was the universal law of nature." ⁴

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 8p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. "Über Beständigkeit und Umwandlung der Arten," Verh. naturh. Ver. preuss. Rheinl., 10 (1853): 420-51. 2. This refers, perhaps, to John William Dawson, "Review of `Darwin on the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,' " Can. Naturalist, 5 (1860): 100-20. 3. "Considérations sur les migrations des végétaux et spécialement de ceux qui, étrangers au sol de la France, y ont été introduits accidentellement," Mém. Acad. Stanislas, 1853; 329-67. 4. See Life and Letters II, 262.

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 151 (letter 102). At beginning of Letter is: encloses letter from A[sa] Gray "received this morning"; Appletons [American publishers of Darwin, Origin] are gentlemen [for paying a royalty to CD], but payment for edition of 2,500 copies was not large; ¹ sends Isidore G[eoffroy Saint-]H[ilaire] on hare-rabbit, page 222; ² glad to know author of reportedly "savage" [review in] North British Review, not yet read by CD; ³ [CD's son] William at Norgate says medical review referred to by Asa Gray is [William Benjamin] Carpenter's; ⁴ sorry to trouble CD with [Adam] Sedgwick in Cambridge paper. ⁵ At end of letter is: Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter] is the same, has been ill over three weeks; "What a fact about the Coral Land Shells!!!"

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 4p. (enclosure wanting)

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See: Historical Records Survey, Division of Professional and Service Projects, Works Projects Administration, Calendar of the Letters of Charles Robert Darwin to Asa Gray (Boston: Historical Records Survey, 1939; reprinted Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, Inc., 1973), 25; and "Darwin's Journal," 15. 2. Histoire Naturelle Générale des Règnes Organiques..., 3v. (Paris: Victor Masson et Fils, 1854-1862), III, 222. This is probably the correct reference, even though the date of publication of volume 3 is too late (i.e. 1862); perhaps CD had a proof page. 3. [John Duns], " On the Origin of Species.... By Charles Darwin...." N. Br. Rev., 32 [American ed., 27] (May, 1860): 245-63. For identity of the anonymous author, see Life and Letters II, 311. 4. "The Theory of Development in Nature," Br. for. med.-chir. Rev., 25 (1860): 367-404. 5. "Professor Sedgwick on Darwin's Theory," Cambridge Chronicle and University Journal, Isle of Ely Herald, and Huntingdonshire Gazette, May 19, 1860, pp. 3-4. See also: More Letters, I, 149n; and Darwin and Henslow, 203-07 (letters 111-114).

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 314-16. At beginning of letter is: has sent for H[enry] Holland to aid local doctor in treatment of Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter], whose fever is nearly five weeks old; has sent A[ndrew] Murray's reviews, containing "weak" speculations; ¹ has not misrepresented [Jörgen Christian] Schiödte. ² p. 315, line 5, change "....I have" to "I have ordered the Future, ³ & have". At end of letter is: sends Asa Gray's letter, despite its insignificance; never attended to gestation of dogs because domestic gestation periods are so variable, but has now begun inquiries; greyhound stud observed for CD had yielded periods of 60 or 61 to 65 or 66 days; lowness of rodents does not decrease fertility of hybrids, since even algae are subject to same laws as higher animals.

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 6p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Francis Darwin claims that there were two Murray reviews in the same place ( Life and Letters II, 261n). I could find only one, as follows: Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., 4 (1857-1862): 274-91. 2. See Darwin, Origin (1859), 138. 3. See Future: A Journal of Philosophical Research and Criticism, 1 (1860).

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 317-19. At beginning of letter is: Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter] is still ill; H[enry] Holland saw her on Sunday [June 3] and predicted long recovery; [Samuel] Haughton's review in "Dublin Mag. of Nat. Hist." ¹ is "more coarsely contemptuous" than that of [John] Dunns [ sic: Duns] in N. Br. Rev. [see CD to Lyell, May 22, 1860, above]; Haughton's "ignoring in his remarks on Bees' cells the almost exactly intermediate comb of Melipona" is unfair. p. 317, line 1, missing name is "[Haughton]". p. 317, line 18, add: "or Quinarianism." p. 318, line 18, add: "& likewise ( if you can spare) [Edward William] Binney on Coal ² & [Herman] Schaafhausen or some such name on Natural Selection [see CD to Lyell, May 18, 1860, above]." p. 318, bottom line, add: in Darwin, Origin [(1859), 137], attributed blindness of cave animals exclusively to disuse, not selections of chance varieties, but was hasty about insects, overlooking bearing of fact that blind genus Adelops lives under moss out of caves; possibly also genus Anophthalmus (a "Carabidous" beetle) was blind and "extra-cavernal"; "It seems not unlikely that a blind insect would be less inconvenienced in dark cave than other insects, & would become tenant"; several passages in review by [Andrew] Murray [see previous letter, above] were unclear. p. 319, line 4, add: "[Dominique Alexandre] Godron puts well [see CD to Lyell, May 18, 1860, above] the little effect of climate, which...becomes stronger...on my mind. I do not say confidently food."

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 8p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. "On the Form of the Cells Made by Various Wasps, and by the Honey Bee; With an Appendix on the Origin of Species," Proc. nat. Hist. Soc. Dubl., 3 (1859-1862); 128-40. 2. "Sketch of the Drift Deposits of Manchester and Its Neighbourhood," Mem. Manchr. lit. phil. Soc., 8 (1848): 195-234. See also: Leonard G. Wilson, ed., Sir Charles Lyell's Scientific Journals on the Species Question (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1970), 404 and 480.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 319-20. At beginning of letter is: Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield] is in slightly worse health; CD cannot walk; sends extract of letter from [Edward] Blyth, who is grateful to Lyell for help concerning Chinese expedition; ¹ encloses letter from [William] Hopkins; fancies Hopkins is "horrified about man; I have told him that I thought man must be included under same category with animals"; returns four pamphlets; does not see much in Binney [see previous letter, above]. p. 319, line 5, add: "It is no wonder [Jean Louis Rodolphe] Agassiz denies varieties in animals, when he calls even the same forms in two distinct countries, two Species." At end of letter is: after much puzzling, does not know what A[ndrew] Murray meant [see CD to Lyell, June 1, 1860, above] by "Agassiz & ab ovo". End. reads: Blyth says there is account of flint tools found in ice in [Elizabeth Juliana Leeves] Sabine's translation of [Ferdinand Petrovich, Baron von] Wrangell's [i.e. Vrangel's] Voyage ² on page 117 of introduction; this find relates to issues like mastodon found in ice, and is worth checking; Blyth thinks Eskimos, when first discovered, had no iron tools, and he refers to essay ³ by J[ohn] Richardson.

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 5p. and 1p. enc. @ 4.5 x7.25 (other enclosures wanting)

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See the following letters, all abstracted above: CD to W. H. Sykes, December 20, 1859; CD to Lyell, December 29, 1859; and CD to Lyell, late March-early April, 1860. See also Loren C. Eiseley, "Charles Darwin, Edward Blyth, and the Theory of Natural Selection," Proc. Am. phil. Soc., 103 (1959): 154-55. 2. Narrative of an Expedition to the Polar Sea..., tr.... by Mrs. Sabine, ed. by E. Sabine (London: J. Madden and Co., 1840). 3. "Esquimaux: Their Geographical Distribution," Edinb. new phil. J., 52 (1852), 322-23.

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: More Letters, I, 154 (letter 105). line 24, add: Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield] is slightly better in health, has been ill for exactly seven weeks.

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 4p.

Please send to CD any authentic cases of duration of gestation in dogs; hounds, otter-hounds, or any breed will be acceptable.

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 1p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Portion of a watermark on this letter appears to be 1860. Also, dimensions of stationery and Down address used fit a dating of 1860. Finally, CD was studying gestation of dogs for the first time in June, 1860; see CD to Charles Lyell, June 1, 1860, above.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 155-56 (letter 106). p. 155, line 8, change "surely we" to "surely as we".

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 4p.

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 155n. At beginning of letter is: encloses authentic arrowheads, with note describing location of discovery, which were sent to CD by Mrs. Moir, mother-in-law of Col. Erskine. ¹ line 4, questionable word is definitely "record". At end of letter is: because of bad stomach, will give up, reluctantly, his plans to attend [B.A.A.S. meeting at] Oxford [June 27-July 4]; will leave Thursday [June 28] for one week of water cure at Dr. [Richard James] Lane's, Sudbrook Park, Richmond, Surrey; will not stay longer because Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter], while better, is still ill; thanks for letter just received; returns unimpressive letter from [John William] Dawson; ² wishes to borrow Dawson's review [of Darwin, Origin (1859)]; on Dawson's letter, it "would be insanity to compare evidence of organic change with geological change, at present, as far as strength of evidence goes. But what inches of elevation on coast of Sweden are to great mountains so are the numerous varieties & endless doubts what to call species & what varieties, to undoubted species. I entirely deny that there is no evidence of change. But time alone will bring naturalists round, when they find that they can explain many facts on such views as mine, & cannot on view of creation."

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 4p. (enclosures wanting)

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See CD to Lyell, May 4, 1860, above. 2. For Lyell's comments on Dawson's letter, see Leonard G. Wilson, ed., Sir Charles Lyell's Scientific Journals on the Species Question (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1970), 457-58.

Thanks for note; glad Lyell is going to Amiens; while there, please explain high and low dispersion of flint gravel; also glad Lyell to investigate post-glacial period; Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter] moved to Hartfield on Tuesday; leaves on Saturday; glad CD did not attempt [B.A.A.S. meeting at] Oxford; "[Thomas Henry] Huxley, [Joseph Dalton] Hooker & J[ohn] Lubbock (as I am pleased to hear) seem to have stuck up for modification of Species like Trojans"; Asa Gray also goes on fighting for CD's theory; ¹ thinks "we shall in long run conquer"; likes [article by William] Hopkins in Fraser's Magazine, ² but regrets "soul-discussion"; difficulties alone "make a very damaging review"; Lyell's facts convinced CD for first time that hare-rabbits are hybrids; could not confirm this before. ³ Enc. is entitled "C. Darwin/ On Species & Creation" and is merely a list of such headings as "Bermuda & Madeira Birds why like Continental--" and "Primrose & cowslip".

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 4p., plus 1p. fragment of AD by Lyell @ 6 x5 Fragment removed + Carroll no. 172

Other Descriptive Information: 1.?See Historical Records Survey, Division of Professional and Service Projects, Works Projects Administration, Calendar of the Letters of Charles Robert Darwin to Asa Gray (Boston: Historical Records Survey, 1939; reprinted Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, Inc., 1973), 27-28. 2. "Physical Theories of the Phenomena of Life," 61 (1860): 739-52; and 62 (1860): 74-90. 3. See: CD to Lyell, May 18, 1860, above; CD to Lyell, May 22, 1860, above; and Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 105 and 105n.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 327-28. At beginning of letter is: have been at Hartfield three weeks because Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter] is still ill; return home in few days [August 2]; H[enry] Holland saw Etty few days ago, predicted long recovery; has seen no one except [Joseph Dalton] Hooker for hour or two at Kew. p. 327, line 9, add: "considering [Richard] Owen's aid [by the way it seems generally admitted that Huxley smashed Owen at Oxford] ¹ [CD brackets]; it quizzes me really in capital style". p. 328, line 3, missing name is "Owen". p. 328, line 5, add: "Owen is really wonderfully clever in his malevolence."

General physical description: ALS; 10.5 x8.25 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Reference is to Thomas Henry Huxley at the B.A.A.S. meeting at Oxford from June 27 to July 4, 1860.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 331-32. At beginning of letter is: thanks for letter; have been home about a week; Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter] improving, but anxiety over her has interrupted CD's work. p. 331, line 11, missing name is [Richard] Owen. p. 331, line 14, add: A[sa] Gray "argued capitally" for CD at second discussion [of natural selection] before American Academy [of Arts and Sciences]; Owen sent copy of "one of his Reports, so he does not wish to come to quarrel with me." p. 331, line 20, add: Rudolf Wagner has published in Germany an abstract of [Jean Louis Rodolphe] Agassiz, [ An] Essay on Classification [London: Longman & Co., 1859] in relation to `Darwin ansichten' and concludes that truth lies between CD and Agassiz, which "will make Agassiz savage"; [Thomas Henry] Huxley says [Karl Ernst Ritter] Von [ sic; von] Baer [Edler von Huthorn] "goes a long way with us,...has spoken publicly &...will perhaps publish on subject." p. 331, line 24, add: there is a very good, geological, favorable third article [on natural selection] in London [Quarterly and Holborn] Review, author unknown. p. 332, line 7, add: Mrs. [Frances Harriet Henslow] H[ooker] and baby [Brian Harvey Hodgson Hooker] are at Worthing; latter is ill.

General physical description: ALS; 10.5 x8.25 4p.

While in London lately, heard that Sir G[eorge] Grey found his wife [Harriet Spencer Grey] in bed with "Capt. Keppell"; saw [Hugh] Falconer, who spoke of "tiny new species of Elephant from Malta"; Asa Gray's review [i.e. part two of "Darwin on the Origin of Species"] in August Atlantic Monthly [6 (1860): 229-39] is excellent, argumentative; ¹ Gray is "a first rate arguer" who "most completely understands the subject"; CD has been abused in Catholic journal; glad that "Rajah Sir J[ames] Brook" is well again; work going well, today finished dogs; ² still believes dogs descended from "several wild stocks"; sent Athenaeum and Quarterly Review.

General physical description: ALS; 10.5 x8.25 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. For a recent reprint and a full publication history of this review, see Asa Gray, Darwiniana..., ed. A. Hunter Dupree (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1963), 72n and 85-105. 2. Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 15-43.

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: Life and Letters II, 334-37. p. 336, line 22, after "applies", add "perhaps". p. 336, line 29, change "clear" to "close".

General physical description: ALS; 10.5 x8.25 4p.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 339-41. p. 339, line 5, add: "Even if his mind had not been full of [thoughts about his trip to] Syria he could never have conjectured your precise line of thought." p. 340, line 13, add: cannot estimate number of species " `extinguished in a given time' "; passages on pages 168 and 313 [of Darwin, Origin (1859) or (1860)] are not contradictory, because "Mere variability & variability taken advantage of & selected are widely different considerations"; gives example of rudimentary organs; has not been guarded enough in claim that Ammonites became extinct relatively suddenly compared to other families [see Origin, 321-22]; has alluded to much extinction and modification in great intervals between formations; thinks it striking that in southern Chile near Concepcion, there are apparently Tertiary beds with Ammonites and Baculites. p. 341, line 7, add: Darwins go to sea [Eastbourne] in about a week [Sept. 22]. ¹

General physical description: ALS; 10.5 x8.25 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. For Lyell's letters to CD during this period, see Leonard G. Wilson, ed., Sir Charles Lyell's Scientific Journals on the Species Question (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1970), 467-69, 472-77.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 341-44. p. 341, line 6, add: has sent review by A[sa] Gray; ¹ as Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. has printed [Jean Louis Rodolphe] Agassiz's article, ² will ask its editor [William Jardine] in fairness to reprint Gray at CD's expense and with Gray's name attached; Gray's review good because it gives so much of [Francois Jules] Pictet [de la Rive]; "The Annals, I fear, have very small circulation"; misunderstood Lyell on types; mentions health of Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter] and death of the [Thomas Henry] Huxleys's son [Noel Huxley]. p. 342, lines 12 to 14, add in left margin: "[Richard] Owen if he chose to attend to such view could work this out." p. 342, line 20, add: was silent because unsure that there was fossil rodent in Australia, but thought not; as to Australia's especial suitability for marsupials, "I have always thought it a gigantic hallucination of Owen.--not to mention Rodents"; dingo was wild long before South Australian volcanic outburst, and there are many marsupial species in Brazil; also, New Guinea, although humid, is tenanted by marsupials as exclusively as Australia; despite antiquity of dingo (referred to in dog MS ³), thinks dingo introduced by man, and if so, this bears on antiquity of man; if dingo existed outside Australia then it is not aboriginal in Australia; [René Primevère] Lesson says same about dog of New Ireland, but Lesson not to be trusted; likes case of tree stump living by natural grafting of roots, wants reference on it; thinks case confined to Coniferae. ⁴ p. 342, line 27, add: [Jean Louis Rodolphe] Agassiz's remark in [Josiah Clark] Nott and [George Robins] Gliddon ⁵ on coincidence of color alone being a fleeting character "does not go for much in his comparison of man & anthropoid apes."

General physical description: ALS; 8.25 x6.5 10p. and 2 sketches

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See CD to Lyell, August 28, 1860, above. 2. "Prof. Agassiz on the Origin of Species," Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 6 (1860): 219-32. 3. Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 15-43, in manuscript. 4. See also Leonard G. Wilson, ed., Sir Charles Lyell's Scientific Journals on the Species Question (New Haven; Yale Univ. Press, 1970), 476. 5. Louis Agassiz, "Sketch of the Natural Provinces of the Animal World and Their Relation to the Different Types of Man," in J. C. Nott and G. R. Gliddon, Types of Mankind; Or Ethnological Researches... (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1854), lxxv.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 167-69 (letter 112).

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 8p.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 345-46. At beginning of letter is: mentions Lyell's letter; extinction of Ammonites is "a most singular fact" despite what Lyell says about great breaks in upper chalk; Lyell may obtain Atlantic Monthly at Trubners. p. 345, line 6, add: "but in very difficult points, &". p. 346, line 2, add: has asked A[sa] Gray where [Karl Ernst Ritter] Von [ sic; von] Baer [Edler von Huthorn] makes statement about guinea pig, which is worthless unless there is new evidence about wild parent; denies that aperea of La Plata and southern Brazil is the wild parent stock; guinea pig was domesticated when America was discovered; von Baer has read [Darwin, Origin (1859)] approvingly; would keep [?i.e. breed] hybrid hare-rabbit himself, but still would not have evidence of hybridity of any specimens obtained from France; [Abraham Dee] Bartlett is correct to try to cross wild hare and rabbit, but he should try several races of rabbit.

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 8p. (slightly mutilated)

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 169-72 (letter 113). p. 169, line 1, add: "The Dog MS is safe at Down." p. 171, line 37, add: Lyell's remarks on Ammonites, cuttlefish, and Hippurites are interesting; ¹ will think about keeping the rabbits; Isidore G[eoffroy] S[ain]t Hilaire, of whom CD has very good opinion, only knows the case second hand; [Richard] Owen "sneers at [Geoffroy Saint Hillaire]; & I daresay he [?] is not [to] be trusted on Homologies"; ² do not trust Sclagenweit [i.e. Hermann Rudolf Alfred von Schlagintweit-Sakünlünski and Robert von Schlagintweit] about yaks; ³ "there are many reputed species (laying on one side question of fertility) not so distinct as negro & white man."

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 11p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Leonard G. Wilson, ed., Sir Charles Lyell's Scientific Journals on the Species Question (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1970), 497. 2. For Geoffroy Saint Hilaire on homologies, see Stauffer, ed., CD's Nat. Selection, 298 and 298n. 3. Hermann and Robert Schlagintweit, "Notes on Some of the Animals of Tibet and India," Rep. Br. Ass. Advmnt Sci., 27 (1857), pt. 2: 106-08. See also Stauffer, ed., CD's Nat. Selection, 438 and 438n.

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 172 (letter 114). line 8, change "creative" to "creation". At end of letter is: bats are "washed out of my head"; species in Madeira, collected by Mr. Mason [?], are European; does not remember about Palma specimens, given to [Robert Fisher] Tomes of Welford; did not get Azores species; "I had heard nothing of the sales of `Origin' [i.e. Darwin, Origin] for months, & am much pleased to hear that the sale continues; this surprises me"; has not received second Atnaltic article, ¹ meant for [Francois Jules] Pictet [de la Rive]; has not received theological dialogue; ² [Hugh] Falconer, who is only man who has facts correct, is critical of Isidore Geoffroy [Saint Hilaire]; will check on St. Helena concerning [? Geoffroy St. Hilaire's] conjecture about number of plants exterminated; St. Helena was woody in late periods; see Darwin, Journal of Researches; is "wasting time shamefully" on Drosera experiments which are "perverse & crooked"; Etty [i.e. Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter] is gaining strength; [Heinrich Georg] Bronn has appended chapter of objections at end of translation; ³ Miss Ludwig has translated it for CD.

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 6p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Asa Gray, "Darwin on the Origin of Species [Part II]," Atlantic Monthly, 6 (1860): 229-39. See CD to Lyell, Aug. 28, 1860, above. 2. "Discussion between Two Readers of Darwin's Treatise on the Origin of Species, upon Its Natural Theology," Am. J. Sci. (Silliman's J.), 30 (1860): 226-39. 3. Darwin, Über die Entstehung der Arten... [German Origin], tr. into German by H. G. Bronn (Stuttgart; Schweizerbart'sche Verlag, 1860).

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 346-47. p. 347, line 19, add: has written to Down about missing reviews [see preceding letter, above]; believes southeast and southwest corners of Australia were islands, with latter older and more typical; [Joseph Dalton] Hooker has speculated on this in Introduction; ¹ so have [Joseph Beete] Jukes and CD himself in review ² of [George Robert] Waterhouse's [A Natural History of the] Mammalia [2v. (London: H. Ballière, 1846-1848)]; in Saturday's Athenaeum, Jukes answered capitally Sir [Henry] James's "wild speculations" on change of earth's axis. ³ p. 347, line 24, add: Miss L[udwig] says [Heinrich Georg] Bronn is very difficult German [see preceding letter, above]; has not heard of Bovey Coal Plants; ⁴ hopes [Charles James Fox] Bunbury will undertake them and that Bunbury's new position will not interfere with his science; does not know [Charles Robert] Bree, perhaps the son of Rev[eren]d [William Thomas] Bree, "a good miscellaneous observer of habits of all creatures...& Botanist."

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 6p. and 1p. enc. [broadside advertisement for C. R. Bree, Species Not Transmutable,...(London: Groombridge and Sons, 1860)], @ 7.5 x5

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See CD to Lyell, Sept. 2, 1859, above, esp. my note 2. 2. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 19 (1847): 53-56, esp. top of 56. 3. See More Letters, II, 140n. 4. See Life of Lyell, II, 346-47 and 349-50.

First portion printed, with minor changes and minor omissions; More Letters, I, 461 (letter 351). At end of this portion is: Lyell's chapters must be difficult but are worth much labor; fears that Lyell's volume on geological history of man [i.e. The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man (London: John Murray, 1863)] "will slip through your fingers"; does not think [Joseph Dalton] Hooker has criticized [Edward] Forbes; H[ewett] C[ottrell] Watson has abused Forbes in Cybele [ Britannica; Or, British Plants and Their Geographical Relations, 4v. (London: Longman & Co., 1847-1852), I, 465-72], but it is not well done. Next portion and enclosure printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: Life and Letters II, 349-51. p. 350, after signature, add: Etty [i.e. Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter] goes on well, but is weak. p. 350, right column of enclosure, line 3, change "alludes to" to "attacks".

General physical description: ALS; 8.25 x6.5 4p. and 4p. enc.

First portion printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: Life and Letters II, 352, lines 1 to 10. Next portion printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: Life and Letters III, 319-20. At end of this portion is: Etty [i.e. Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter] goes on well, but doctors say rapid progress is impossible; Drosera and dreadful illness for last six months has made progress on CD's larger book "almost nothing". Next portion printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 352-53, beginning where first portion ended. p. 352, line 4 of this portion, missing name is "[Richard] Owen".

General physical description: ALS; 4p. @ 8 x5, 2p. @ 8 3/4 x5.5 6p.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 137-40 (letter 491). p. 139, line 29, change "the great" to "that great [an]".

General physical description: ALS; 8.25 x6.5 6p.

First portion printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: More Letters, II, 140-41 (letter 492). p. 141, line 10, add: "How far to lump & split species is indeed a hopeless problem. It must in the end, I think, be determined by mere convenience." At end of this portion is: glad to hear that Lyell continues to "stir them up" at Zoolog[ical] Soc[iety of London]. Next portion printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: Life and Letters II, 352n. At end of this portion is: there is an article ¹ on Darwin, Origin, in Macmillan's Magazine; has not yet read [John] Phillips, [ Life on the Earth, Its Origin and Succession (Cambridge: Macmillan and Co., 1860)].

General physical description: ALS; 8 x6.5 5p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Henry Fawcett, "A Popular Exposition of Mr. Darwin on the Origin of Species," 3 (December, 1860): 81-92. For a recent reprinting, see David L. Hull, Darwin and His Critics: The Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by the Scientific Community (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1973), 277-90. See also Life and Letters II, 299.

Would be proud to be one of their series [?of photographs of famous persons], but cannot spare time for special trip to London and is not likely to be there on business soon; will call on Mr. Edwards during the summer, when next in London.

General physical description: ALS; 7.5 x5; 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Watermark sets lower endpoint for date. Type of Down address employed was last used in 1861, which sets upper endpoint.

Printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 359-60. p. 359, line 6, change "the lengths" to "the very absurd lengths". p. 359, line 13, change "[Jean Louis Rodolphe] Agassiz admits" to "Agassiz (foolish man) admits". At end of letter is: "I sent Calcutta Review a couple of days ago." ¹

General physical description: ALS; 8 x6.5 2p. and env., add. [Sir Ch. Lyell/ 53. Harley St/ London (W.)], end. [C. Darwin/ Febry 3d. 1861; C. Darwin/ Feb. 1861/ Agassiz &/ Bowen/ (unintelligible word--PTC)]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. [Edward Blyth], "[Review of] On the Origin of Species," Calcutta Review, 35 (1860): 64-88. See also Vorzimmer, Reprint Catalogue, item R.61.

Is working on skeletons of rabbits; wants from [Zoological] Gardens [of Zoological Society of London] one of the two Russian rabbit bucks donated by CD; will skeletonize it, and does not want skull damaged; has signed Sclater's certificate [for membership] at Royal Soc[iety of London]; would like to see a recent paper on skeleton of hybrid hare-rabbit, if Sclater has spare proof of same. ¹

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x4 3/4; 2p., end. [C. Darwin/ March 1861]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Probably Edwards Crisp, "On Some Points Relating to the Habits and Anatomy of the Oceanic and of the Freshwater Ducks, and also of the Hare ( Lepus timidus) and of the Rabbit ( L. cuniculus), in Relation to the Question of Hybridism," Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1861: 82-87. Read on February 26, 1861. See also Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 126n.

Thanks for rabbit [see previous letter, above]; glad Sclater likes Asa Gray, ¹ which CD incorrectly thought he himself had sent to Sclater; will soon receive corrected Darwin, Origin [(1861)], which [John] Murray will soon distribute; glad Sclater has "become `heretical' on species"; was not surprised that Sclater was initially opposed to CD; "I cannot...respect anyone who has knowledge & can change his opinion suddenly on such a point"; please publish "a word on our side", as "those opposed write vehemently & those on our side are silent"; day before yesterday, had letter from "a Professor, ² who dares not speak out."

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 2p., end. [C. Darwin/ March 1861]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Probably Gray, Natural Selection not Inconsistent with Natural Theology: A Free Examination of Darwin's Treatise on the Origin of Species, and of Its American Reviewers... (London: Trübner, 1861). See Life and Letters. II, 370-71. For a recent reprint of this three-part review, see Gray, Darwiniana..., ed. A. Hunter Dupree (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1963), 72-145. 2. Perhaps George Bentham; see Life and Letters. II, 292 and 292n.

Thanks for note; had not heard of Sclater's paper at Oxford; ¹ could one conclude from known distribution of Gallinaceae that probability that a species of genus Gallus is endemic to South America is as low as that of endemic hummingbird from Old World; is it true that no species of Gallus is known in Africa and that probably no Gallus species wandered far from the metropolis of the genus in India and northern Malay Islands; where in Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. is described the Gallus Temminckii of G[eorge] R[obert] Gray? ²

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 4p., end. [C. Darwin/ March. 1861/ about Birds]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. "Remarks on the Geographical Distribution of Recent Terrestrial Vertebrata," Rep. Br. Ass. Advmnt Sci., 30 (1860), pt. 2: 121-22. The B.A.A.S. met at Oxford in 1860. 2. "Notice of Two Examples of the Genus Gallus," 17 (1849): 62-63.

Thanks for corr.'s volume on old bones and for compliments.

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 1p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Apparently the combination of Down address variant used in this letter and a watermark of 1860 is unique to the period mid-1860 to mid-1861.

Always thought corr. had many primroses; sorry for trouble; sends flowers; thanks for information about Oxalis; will repay corr. for Cypripedium and Dionaeas at one time.

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 2p., end. [Chas. Darwin F.R.S./ Author of/ `Origin of Species']

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Combination of Down address variant used with watermark provided year.

Printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 364-65.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 6p. and env., add. [Sir Charles Lyell/ 53. Harley St/ London (W.)], end. [C. Darwin/ Apr. 13/ 1861/ Somme valley beds/ whether preglacial/ Ants in Texas planting]

Enjoyed talk with Sclater; as Sclater is working at birds of S[outh] America, check CD's reference to three species of Opetiorhynchus in Darwin, Zoolog [y of the Voyage] of the Beagle [(1838-1843), pt. 3], Birds [by John Gould], p. 67, to confirm comments on observed differences in habits of species; do similarly for Scytalopus, p. 74; has made "horrid mistake" on O[rpheus] parvulus [pp. 63-64 and 67], a temporary name for a form of O[petiorhynchus] Patagonicus [p. 67]; Capt[ain C. C.] Abbot confounded O[petiorhynchus] vulgaris and antarcticus, which CD simultaneously observed and recorded to be closely similar except in habits; ¹ Opetiorhynchus [ Patagonicus, pp. 67-68] from Chiloe seems to be a case of intermediate variety.

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 3p. and end. [5642/ C. Darwin/ April 1861/ on Birds of/ S. America]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Abbot, "Notes on the Birds of the Falkland Islands," Ibis, 3 (1861): 149-67; and Darwin, Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle (1838-1843), Pt. 3: Birds, by John Gould, 66-68 and 149-50. The Abbot article is incorrectly attributed to the American, Charles Conrad Abbot, in Cat. scient. Pap., 1, 3.

Thanks for note with offer to insert in Ibis a notice by CD on habitats of Falkland birds; cannot write such notice, since CD's catalogs and notes prepared on the spot refer only to specimen number, not genus and species; wrote to [George Robert] Gray and [John] Gould, but could not find original specimen, as specimens [from Beagle voyage] were given to Zoological Society [of London] and distributed; "A false habitat is a positive mischief, worse than a species not appearing in a list", so after "careful work" by Capt[ain C. C.] Abbott [ sic; Abbot], better to consider the two names errors than to give them without evidence; received letter from [Robert] Swinhoe announcing delivery to Sclater of a new rock pigeon and a wild Anser cygnoides, but CD must check these claims when next in London; perhaps pigeon is Himalayan rock pigeon. ¹

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 5p., end. [C. Darwin/ May 1861]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. For more on this letter, see the preceding letter above, and Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 237.

Has received skeletons; needs name for untagged domestic cock in longest of four boxes received; is the "`Gungla' cock" a specimen of G[allus] bankiva or G[allus] Sonneratii; ² other boxes contain the Hamburg and the call duck; is ill. ³

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. CD studied the osteology of fowls and ducks in May, 1861; see "Darwin's Journal," 15. 2. "Gungla" may be a derivative of the Indian (hindu) "gunga", or "market". 3. See Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 260-70.

Thanks for prompt reply; without doubt, the [untagged] skeleton was duckwing game and the wild Gallus [i.e. the Gungla cock] was G[allus] bankiva, since every bone agrees; has two skeletons of Dorking, so send neither one of these nor G[allus] varius; do not send mounted skeletons; has examined 25 skeletons and about 55 skulls; skulls show only "differences characteristic of the breeds", but other bones show "much fluctuating variability"; thinks skeletons of various species of the same restricted genus or sub-genus differ only slightly; wants to quote Eyton's view that, in allied species, while there are plain differences in some parts of skeleton besides head, bones in wings and legs of all breeds are similar in configuration but not in length and thickness; will keep duck specimen [i.e. call duok; see previous letter] until CD gets to ducks in "a few weeks"; do birds with large topknot, such as curassows, have [skull] protuberances to support the topknot? ²

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 5p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. CD worked upon fowls and ducks in May, 1861, finishing ducks on May 31; see "Darwin's Journal," 15. 2. For more on this matter, see: preceding letter; and Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 260-70, and II, 332-33.

Thanks for invitation to London and to [town of] Eyton; wanted to visit London for two reasons, but is too ill; if ever visiting Shrewsbury again, will visit Eyton; answer briefly whether skeletons, except skulls, of birds of same restricted genus "do not generally very closely resemble each other", whether wing and leg bones are "generally very constant in form", and "whether in largely crested Gallinaceae the skull is protuberant to support the crest."

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. This letter clearly follows shortly after the preceding letter, above.

Thanks to president and council of Ethnological Society for electing CD an honorary fellow; thanks for gift of first volume of Society's Transactions; thanks personally to Hunt for kind words in letter.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5, 2p. and env., add. [James Hunt Esqr/ Hon. Sec. Ethnological Socy/ 4 St. Martins Place [London (W.C.)], end. [Darwin's/ Envelope]

Will value information, but do not hurry with it; unclear whether corr. is thinking of "a general course of scientific experiments in crossing or only in relation to Hollyhocks"; there is open field for "research in regard to crossing varieties which have been greatly neglected under a scientific point of view, though largely & loosely practised by gardeners. Species on the other [hand] have been largely experimented on. As you have lived so much abroad, German is probably quite familiar to you (I wish it were to me) & I would most strongly advise you to get [Karl Friedrich von] Gärtner [']s admirable `Versuche ueber die Bastardzeugung, 1849' ¹ & study it"; suggests in minute detail some crossing experiments with differently-colored hollyhocks which breed true; experiment outlined by CD would be "very interesting on account of a wonderful statement on this head by Gärtner with respect to crossing white & yellow Verbascum"; would suggest further experiments with Pelargonium, but must not run on.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 6p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Versuche und Beobachtungen über die Bastarderzeugung im Pflanzenreich (Stuttgart: K.F. Hering, 1849).

Has sent two rabbits from P[orto] Santo to the [Zoological] Gardens [of the Zoological Society of London] for temporary safekeeping; if they are like one brought by [Thomas Vernon] Wollaston in spirits, then they are curiosities, having been feral for 450 years and springing from one doe brought [to island] by [Joâo Gonçalvez] Zarco; specimen CD examined differed from common rabbit in skull, shape of dorsal vertebrae, in size greatly, in coloring, in color of upper part of tail, and in ears not being edged in black; thinks this may be "a new species!!"; must get rid of rabbits because whole household leaves for a two month stay at Torquay, probably beginning the 10th, because of illness of daughter [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield]; care for rabbits, interbreed them or cross them with other rabbits, and find out what [Abraham Dee] Bartlett [superintendent of Gardens] thinks of them; if one or both die while CD is away, send fresh carcasses to CD in Torquay. ¹

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p. and end. [ 5376/ C. Darwin/June 1861/ abt Rabbits]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. For more on the rabbits, see Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 112-15. The visit to Torquay lasted from July 1 to August 27; see "Darwin's Journal," 15.

Enclosed proof of note which CD will insert in his forthcoming " `Reply' " is "a correct statement of the relations of the passage I have printed on the use & meaning of the term `Creation', as used by Naturalists in some of their discussions, to the partial quotation from it in Prof. Baden Powell's Essay."

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 2p. (enclosure wanting)

Thanks for orchids; felt "boyish delight" at H[abenaria] viridis, but it is not a Habenaria; has now seen "every British Orchid...except the Lizard [ Orchis hircina]", which CD hopes to get from corr. or from [G. Chichester] Oxenden; will begin soon to write paper [i.e. Darwin, Fertilisation of Orchids (1862)]; glad to see Aceras specimens, but they did not have the monstrous flowers; five of six specimens from Oxenden had such flowers; old specimen of O[rchis] fusca, like Oxenden's specimens, showed infertility caused by infrequency of insect visits; [in left margin--PTC] look for monstrous flowers on Aceras; [in right margin--PTC] monstrous flowers illustrate structure of Habenaria; knows "little of Botany", but thinks unspotted purple orchids with hollow stems are O[rchis] latifolia (which CD once saw) and white ones are O[rchis] maculata; glad to see state of pollen masses on corr.'s Canterbury Fly Ophrys [i.e. Ophry muscifera]; look at pollen masses on Bee O[phrys, i.e. Ophrys apifera] and especially on its variety, [Ophrys] arachnites, to see if the masses are either removed or simply fallen on own stigmas in oldish flowers; return slip from G[ardeners'] Chronicle; "June 16th P.S.", thanks for note; part about Lizard shall be kept private; thought O[rchis] militaris was same as O[rchis] fusca.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. This year is written in an ink similar to that used by CD, but is apparently not in CD's hand. 2. See Darwin, Fertilisation of Orchids (1862), 43 and 78. Malden is the only person acknowledged by Darwin to have provided specimens of the Frog Orchis (i.e. Peristylus viridis or Habenaria viridis).

Pollen masses attached to [specimen of] Bombus hortorum [i.e. common bumblebee] are not from British orchid, but are from an exotic orchid of the group Epidendreae; suspects bee was caught near a hothouse; fears that corr. does not have "one of the sand-wasps with pollen-masses attached [?which you] alluded to [ sic]", otherwise CD would have liked to have seen it; could easily ascertain whether the [leaf?] on the S[outh] American wasp was pollen; supposes insects in corr.'s own collection do not have pollen masses attached; ask Mr. Walker [?about pollen on his insects].

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Year determined from variant of Down address used, day of "Wednesday" for June 19, and information in Darwin, Fertilisation of Orchids (1862), 164. 2. Correspondent is probably either Smith or Sir W. C. Trevelyan; see Darwin, Fertilisation of Orchids (1862), 164 and in index under "Smith, Mr. F". Smith was selected because CD's mention of corr.'s own collection implies that bumblebee specimen (which was Trevelyan's) did not belong to corr.

Thanks for sending "the orchid flowers with Diptera"; CD and a son of CD have just "made out" that "Orchis maculata is fertilised by the aid of Diptera."

General physical description: AL in third person; 8 x5; 1p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. June, 1861, was the beginning of CD's work on orchids; see "Darwin's Journal," 15.

Cannot answer corr.'s questions; began to examine living corals nearly 30 years ago, but other pursuits have interfered and CD had forgotten what he knew; had studied "the effects of tranquil & disturbed water on their growth", but forgets his conclusions on this issue; thinks nearly all species were distinct; remembers having thought that classification of stony corals would be difficult; places "much trust" in [James Dwight] Dana, whose health has failed, regrettably.

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Year determined by Torquay address; see "Darwin's Journal," 15 and 15n.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 376. line 4, add: was "pleased, considering how many have attacked me on `Induction' &c. to hear...from...H[enry] Fawcett, that...J[ohn] Mill `...considers that your [i.e. CD's] reasoning throughout [Darwin, Origin (1859)] is in the most exact accordance with the strict principles of logic. He also says the method of investigation followed is the only one proper to such a subject.' Considering how high an authority he is, this pleases me much, & I think you will be pleased"; ² Etty [i.e. Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield] has improved a little. At end of letter is: is writing long paper [i.e. Darwin, Fertilisation of Orchids (1862)] on fertilisation of orchids; "I almost wish I could have been completely idle here"; heaven knows when Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868) will be done; regards to wife [Mary Elizabeth Horner Lyell].

General physical description: ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Year determined by Torquay address; see "Darwin's Journal," 15. 2. See More Letters, I, 189-90 (letter 129). Cf. David L. Hull, Darwin and His Critics: The Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by the Scientific Community (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1973), 27-28.

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 190-92 (letter 130). At beginning of letter is: Emma [Wedgwood Darwin] and Etty [i.e. Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield] are touring, has forwarded [Mary Elizabeth Horner] Lyell's letter "with the sad account of [the death of Frances Elizabeth Appleton] Longfellow; ² is surprised at Dutch translation [of Darwin, Origin], ³ which should be left at Q[ueen] Anne St. p. 190, line 11, change "at in my orchids is" to "at, viz. Orchids, is". p. 192, line 18, add: William [Erasmus Darwin] will join Mr. [?Edmund Gibson] Atherley's Bank, needs a good introduction to Southampton from Lyell. At end of letter is: regards to Lyell's [traveling] party. ⁴

General physical description: ALS; 8 x6.25 6p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Year determined by Torquay address; see "Darwin's Journal," 15. Month and day presumed from date of "2 Augt 1861" written in pencil in contemporary hand (not CD's) on manuscript. 2. See DAB, XI, 383. 3. This translation is not listed in Freeman, but see Life and Letters II, 357. 4. See Life of Lyell, II, 347.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 192-93 (letter 131).

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Reasoning for date same as for preceding letter; date written in pencil is "August/ 1861."

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 193-94 (letter 132). At beginning of letter is: returns home [to Down] Monday 26th; ¹ knows page well, has quoted it; approved of note appended by Lyell; sentence only needs "trifling modification"; "adaptation of species [which allows them] to travel widely over existing continents, will necessarily adapt them for occasional still wider transportation to new lands. I have used in Origin this argument to account for very wide range of F[resh] Water productions." ² At end of letter is: sentence at p. 3 reads roughly.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x6.5 8p. and fragment of env., end. [C. Darwin/ returning M.S. on/ Sicily newer than species/ inhabiting it./ & on deification of Natural/ Selection./ 1861]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Actual return occurred on August 27; see "Darwin's Journal," 15. 2. See Darwin, Origin (1859), 383-88.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 188 (letter 524).

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 1p. (enclosure wanting)

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Year written on manuscript in pencil in unknown hand, but appears correct from context of letter.

Thanks for interesting long letter; has no suggestions on subjects "gone out of my head"; dislikes [argument concerning] absence of organic remains"; there were [no organic remains] in Patagonia or T[ierra] del Fuego where shells were present, but from what CD has read of Greenland, suspects what Lyell now admits and [Robert] Chambers urges; is abundance of swimming animals any guide to shells, etc., living at bottom; [such] animals cannot live "where icebergs are habitually grounded"; see Darwin, ["On the Distribution of the Erratic Boulders and on the Contemporaneous Unstratified Deposits of South America,"] Trans. geol. Soc. Lond., 6 [(1842): 180-88, at] 186; sorry Lyell must "alter & modify [his published treatment of]...this great subject"; admires Lyell's industry.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Year written on manuscript in pencil in unknown hand, appears contemporary.

Thanks for interesting correspondence; [Thomas Francis] Jamieson is "a capital man"; has been performing experiments on Dionaea; Lyell is discussing a "grand subject", but CD cannot help with it; lake theory can account for absence of deltas on Lochaber shelves; submergence of 1,200 feet in Perthshire since glaciation is striking evidence concerning Glen Roy; has been looking at his [CD's] Glen Roy paper, ² gives final arguments in favor of elevation and subsidence theory to explain Glen Roy; "But I suppose ice-lakes must be true cause"; disagrees with Lyell's claim in former letter that great glaciers in Scotland caused by great loftiness; glacial phenomena great in extent and prevalence [during ice age]; seems safest to assume great glacial period to be simultaneous until shown otherwise.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 5p., end.? [Sept. 15]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Month and day appear to be an endorsement by Lyell. Year is written in pencil on manuscript in an unknown hand and appears correct from context of letter. 2. "Observations on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy,..." Phil. Trans. R. Soc., 129 (1839): 39-81.

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: More Letters, II, 188-89 (letter 525). p. 189, line 6, change "found" to "formed". p. 189, line 14, change "alluded" to "attended".

General physical description: ALS; 8 x6.5 5p. and end. [Darwin 81a/ Glen Roy/ Septr 1861]

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 190-91 (letter 527).

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p. and fragment of env., end. [C. Darwin/ answer to/ Jamieson on/ Glen Roy/ 1st. Oct 1861]

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 191-92 (letter 528). p. 191, line 15, change "Friesland" to "Finland".

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 5p. and end. [(88)/ Darwin 1861/ on Jamieson revisit/ to Glen Roy]

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 192 (letter 529). At end of letter is: has been working hard at orchids; "The subject is, I fear, too complex for the Public & I fear I have made a great mistake in not keeping to my first intention of sending it to Linnean Soc[iet]y; but it is now too late, & I must make the best of a bad job." ¹

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p. and fragment of env., end. [C. Darwin/ Oct. 24. 1861./ Glen Roy glaciers/ & ice-dams/ "land straits"]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Darwin, Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). CD originally planned to write only a long essay on orchids, not a book.

Has been dissecting; returns note; supposes that all believe Lyell's view that "water flowed out at head of valley where the lakes existed"; Glen Roy's " `intermediate shelf' " seemed like a plain shelf to CD, although [Thomas Francis] J[amieson] disagrees; intermediate shelf has been seen by everyone who visited Glen Roy; there is no outlet at this shelf, but [David] Milne[-Home] says there may be; valley should be searched for such outlets; "A man might spend his life there"; hopes J[amieson] will return to Glen Roy; "it is an opprobrium to British Geologists, that it shd. not be settled beyond dispute"; is disturbed by sloping, stratified, deposited detritus at all levels "by opening on a lake or arm of sea"; terminal moraine at mouth of Spean seems better than ice; "But if it were the sea, I cannot help a sneaking hope that the sea might have formed the horizontal shelves.--" ³

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Year and month written on manuscript in pencil in unknown hand, appears contemporary and correct, according to context. 2. Although written on stationery bearing the Down (type 4) letterhead, the page of the paper with this letterhead printed upon it is at the end of the letter; first page of manuscript text is headed simply "Down", in CD's hand. 3. See also: Darwin, "Observations on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy,..." Phil. Trans. R. Soc., 129 (1839): 39-81; More Letters, II, 171-93; Life and Letters I, 361-64; and Jamieson, "On the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, and Their Place in the History of the Glacial Period," Q. Jl geol. Soc. Lond., 19 (1863): 235-59.

Dr. [John] Lindley has suggested corr. to CD as source of orchids; is preparing "small work" on orchids [i.e. Fertilisation of Orchids (1862)]; send two or three flowers of "any member of the great Tribe of Arethuseae," including "Limodoridae, Vanillidae &c.", especially "Mormodes & Cycnoches"; expects difficulty in shipping of delicate pollen masses; also wants Bonatea, Masdevillia, and "any Bolbophyllum with its lower lip or Labellum irritable"; wants "any genus with any remarkable peculiarity"; send large parcels to " `C. Darwin care of the Down Postman Bromley Kent' "; gives packing instructions.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. This was the only November during which CD was preparing a "small work" on orchids; see "Darwin's Journal," 15. 2. Nevill was the only woman (note the "madam") acknowledged by CD in the orchid book; see Darwin, Fertilisation of Orchids (1862), 158n. The letter refers to the corr. as "your Ladyship"; Nevill was the daughter of an Earl and the wife of another relative of a peer.

Thanks for proofs; cannot form any judgment, but corr.'s view is ingenious; if accepted, it will be great step in knowledge of glacier movement.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 1p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Years determined by Down address variant used.

C[harles] Lyell says corr. pleased to receive coral specimens from Keeling Islands; will send some via Geolog[ical] Soc[iety of London]; once had more; habitat and station for each specimen is given; collected all but one specimen himself; has a few notes about soft parts of corals.

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Years determined by Down address variant used.

Thanks for note and specimens; subject is worthy of a paper; hopes corr. has kept CD's queries; glad to hear about number of moults, but color is chief interest; tell briefly of differences of plumage of male, female, and young in two or three breeds, so CD can judge how far to pursue subject; Pile Game [a fighting fowl] would be good case; wants from breeders information of proportions of sexes of ducks and fowls; when at Manchester, find age of peacock when topknot appears; sorry corr. is ill.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Years determined by Down address variant used.

Has the shingles; thanks for letter; envies CD's being almost done [with Darwin, Fertilisation of Orchids (1862)]; is working with printer himself; has been thinking about Glen Roy, needs CD's explanation; height of cols determines levels of [Glen Roy] shelves, not the variable heights of ice blockages; sees how ice dam caused lowest shelves in Glen Roy and Glen Spean, then another ice dam in Glen Roy raised waters even higher, but does not know how two ice blockages in one glen can cause two shelves, since lower would be destroyed when new ice blockage arrived, and since disappearance of old blockage before new blockage arrived would leave lower, formerly blocked col open for drainage; marine theory avoids this because top shelf is made first; return this note with answer, so Lyell can send it to [Thomas Francis] Jamieson; CD's brother [Erasmus Alvey Darwin] told of illness of CD's child [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield].

General physical description: ALS; 7 x4.5 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. This is clearly the letter which prompted the reply which follows below.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 192-93 (letter 530).

General physical description: ALS; 8 x6.5 3p.

[Abraham Dee] Bartlett says that "Japanned Peacock" (Sclater's name for which [ Pavo nigripennis--PTC] CD has forgotten) has appeared among ornithologist [Hudson] Gurney's birds; write to Gurney for particulars, or give Gurney's address to CD; wants to know "whether his birds appeared pure & whether any Japanned Peacocks lived anywhere near, so that there could have been a recent cross." ¹

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p. and end. [6105/ C. Darwin/ May 1862/ Abt. Peacock]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 290-92.

Thanks for two notes; ask [Hudson] Gurney if he had any white or pied birds when P[avo] nigripennis appeared; in two of three cases mentioned by Sir R[obert] Heron [in "Notes," Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 3 (1835): 54-55], there were whites and pieds in lot; has four cases, thinks P. nigripennis a variety, no more surprising in origin than Himalayan rabbit; ¹ if [Zoological] Gardens [of Zoological Society of London] have a white and a common peacock, cross them to see if P. nigripennis appears; "the effects of crossing are sometimes marvellous in bringing out old & lost characters or in producing new characters".

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p. and end. [C. Darwin/ May 1862/ Abt Birds]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 108-11.

Read Darwin, "On the Two Forms, or Dimorphic Condition, in the Species of Primula,..." J. Linn. Soc. [(Botany), 6 (1862): 77-96]; Dr. [Hugh Algernon] Weddell says cinchona presents same case of some trees with long pistils and some with short; there must be reciprocal fertilization between two forms; please check this claim on Ceylon cinchona, using artificial fertilization if necessary to cross the two forms and produce strong plants; no need to castrate; suggests this because "the growth of Cinchona is so important for mankind [as source of quinine]"; is still working at this subject; such dimorphism seems common with Rubiaceae [family of cinchona and madder]; would like analogous cases.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p., end. [1862]

Testimonial, letter of recommendation for position of curator for Hartley Institution. Excerpts printed: Life and Letters II, 53.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p.

Wrote to Thwaites on Primula [see CD to Thwaites, June 15, 1862, above] two days before receiving Thwaites's letter of May 15; is glad to hear of Sethia; Menyanthes is dimorphic, so is not surprised at Limnanthemum; compare by weight the output of two forms of Limnanthemum; on Malpighiaceae, mark the imperfect flowers, see if they set seed, see if they are closed, and see "whether the pollen-tubes are emitted from the pollen-grain within the anther & then penetrate the stigma", as is the case with imperfect flowers of Viola and Oxalis; thanks for "your Governor's letter"; "I suspect the dimorphism of Primula, is often, (though not at all necessarily) the high-road to dioeciousness." ¹

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p., end. [1862]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Darwin, Different Forms of Flowers (1877), 116 and 122.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 387-89. At beginning of letter is: is answering [Mary Elizabeth Horner] Lyell's letter of sympathy [for scarlet fever in family] to William [Erasmus Darwin]; Emma [Wedgwood Darwin], Lenny [i.e. Leonard Darwin], and Horace [Darwin] are still ill; will go to Bournemouth soon to be near other children; the [John William] Lubbocks have home in Chiselhurst; is glad Glen Roy is settled; moraines opposite L[och] Treig are important, as is slope inland, if proved. ¹ p. 387, line 2, add: "I fancy [Thomas Henry] Huxley [i.e. Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature (London: Williams and Norgate, 1863)] will be out sooner"; [Joseph Dalton] Hooker says book will be interesting. p. 388, line 5, add: "What an unblushing man he must be to lecture thus after abusing me so & never to have openly retreated, or alluded to my Book [Darwin, Origin (1859)]." p. 388, last line, add: cannot remember reason for not adopting fully and quoting Lyell's axiom of 1832. At end of letter is: Lyell's axiom may be true; remembers "considerable perplexity on subject"; thinks mammals and molluscs are "too remote from each other for fair comparison"; is tired; regards to wife and to work. Also printed, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 203 (letter 140). The Life and Letters version is more complete and more accurate.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 9p. and fragment of env., add. [Sir C. Lyell/ Albion Hotel/ Freshwater Gate/ Isle of Wight.], end. [C. Darwin./ Augt.24.1862/ Longevity of species/ in mammalia & in plants]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Life of Lyell, II, 358.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 389. At beginning of letter is: discussion of the " `Re`gne Humain' " is in Isid. G. [i.e. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire], Hist. Nat. Générale [i.e. Histoire Naturelle Générale des Règnes Organiques, Principalement Etudiée chez l'Homme et les Animaux, 3v. (Paris: V. Masson, 1854-1862)], II, chap. 7, 167; is Lyell done with [Friedrich] Rolle, [ ?C. Darwin's Lehre von der Entstehung der Arten in Pflanzen- und Theirreich in Ihrer Anwendung auf die Schöpfungsgeschichte Dargestellt und Erläutert... (Frankfurt am Main: J. C. Hermann, 1863]? ¹ At end of letter is: enjoyed chat with Lyell.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p. and fragment of env., add. [Sir Ch. Lyell/ 53 Harley St/ London W.], end. [C. Darwin/ Sept 1. 1862/ Dr Falconer on Elephants/ & origin of species by/ variation/ Elephants failing/ group.]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Apparently CD received an advance copy of Rolle's book, for he cited it with a publication date of 1862, not 1863; see Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), II, 308n.

Asks three questions about cases for plants, including stove plants; each question is answered in another hand than that of CD in spaces provided in letter for answers; concerning sizes, capacities, and prices of cases.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. This year written in pencil in what appears to be a contemporary hand at top of first page of manuscript letter.

Answer question contained in the enclosed, written by CD's brother-in-law [Hensleigh Wedgwood] who studies and writes on language; hopes Bates's book progresses; ¹ is ill.

General physical description: ALS; 5.5 x3.5 2p. (enclosure wanting)

Other Descriptive Information: 1. The Naturalist on the River Amazons..., 2v. (London: John Murray, 1863). Years for this letter's date were determined from date of publication of this book, as well as of Hensleigh Wedgwood, On the Origin of Language (London: [Bungay], 1866).

Thanks for facts about breeding; wants to be told of any other striking cases; thanks also for promise to measure webs of feet of otterhounds; compare them with measures of foxhounds or harriers; has no opportunity to see dogs. ²

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Down address variant used to set lower endpoint, since this type of letterhead was introduced in mid-1861. Upper endpoint determined by date at which CD wrote last chapter of book that discusses webbed feet in dogs; see "Darwin's Journal," 17. 2. Eyton's measurements are discussed in Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 39-40.

F[rancis Trevelyan] Buckland says corr. might help CD; remembers article in Field, most likely by corr., on regrowth of fins of fish; wants citation and details of the case; wishes to quote case. ³

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Chapter of CD's book which refers to regeneration of dorsal fins in fish was written between Jan. 23 and April 1, 1863. See "Darwin's Journal," 16. 2. See Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), II, 15-16. 3. There is a two-page scrap which is catalogued with this letter; it reads: "communicated by Mr. A. [Fonblanque?] of the British Consulate at Alexandria to Mr. Darwin." There is more text not worth abstracting.

Has just received "the great book [i.e. Lyell, The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man... (London: John Murray, 1863)]"; may go to London in evening if not ill; ¹ will visit Lyell some morning; has skimmed pages on species; is glad Lyell discusses many of the "most important" points "not generally touched on by others. I have read last chapt[er] with very great interest. ² By Jove how black [Richard] Owen will look"; Lyell is too civil to Owen; "I am getting more savage against him, even than [Thomas Henry] Huxley or [Hugh] Falconer. He ought to be ostracised by every Naturalist in England"; book will "give the whole subject of change of species an enormous advance."

General physical description: ALS; 7.5 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Top of first page carries in pencil, perhaps as an endorsement by Lyell, the date "4 Feby 1863". CD was in London from February 4 to February 14, 1863; see "Darwin's Journal," 16. Date of publication of Lyell's book also agrees with a date of February, 1863. 2. On contents of last chapter of the book and Lyell's feeling about it, see Life of Lyell, II, 353.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 236 (letter 162).

General physical description: Als; 7.5 x5; 3p. (enclosure wanting)

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters III, 11-12. At beginning of letter is: is disappointed to have put off [a visit to] Lyell, because CD would have talked over "many points & [Richard] Owen's false letter"; Emma [Wedgwood Darwin] wants CD to stop work and visit Malvern [water cure establishment] for two months; thanks for note; keep [James Dwight] Dana, [?"On the Higher Subdivisions in the Classification of Mammals," Am. J. Sci. (Silliman's J.), 35 (1863): 65-71]. p. 12, line 14, add over seven pages of comments upon passages from [Lyell, The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man... (London: John Murray, 1863], including, inter alia, the following: thinks glacier chapters are "almost the best in the book"; closing pages of chapter 19 are "magnificent"; "I think this discussion has interested me almost more than the antiquity of man. The gloss of novelty was worn off the latter, yet I have been deeply struck by the effect of the agglomerated evidence"; "It is of little consequence, but [Joseph Dalton] Hooker published his Essay [i.e. "Introductory Essay," The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H. M. Discovery-Ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839-1843..., Pt. III: Flora Tasmaniae, 2v. (London: Lovell Reeve, 1860), I, i-cxxviii] a month after the Origin [i.e. Darwin, Origin (1859)].... I asked him"; "Who is [Nils Gabriel] Sefström?" ¹ p. 12, line 16, add: wants [Richard] Owen's paper on the Aye Aye [i.e. "On the Aye-Aye,..." Trans. geol. Soc. Lond., 5 (1866): 33-101]; "I am sorely tempted to expose in Athenaeum what rubbish Owen has written on the subject."

General physical description: Partly ALS, partly LS; 8 x6.5 12p. and fragment of env., add. [Sir C..../ 53..../ Lon...], end. [C. Darwin/ March 6./ 1863/ Meridional belts of warm & cold/ will not explain all the phenomena/ of distributions of species./ 8. Selection explaining adapta-/tions not enlarged enough/ More examples of rudiments./ 9. The fewness of individuals/ in islands prevents/ transmutation]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Some of the other comments are paraphrased in the endorsement. CD's comments discuss the following additional persons: [John] Evans; [Bartholomew James] Sulivan; [James] Smith of Jordanhill; [John Francis Julius von] Haast; [Andrew Crombie] Ramsay; [John William] Lubbock, [Baron Avebury]; and [Christian Friedrich Hermann] von Meyer.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters III, 13-14. p. 14, line 21, add: last night Henrietta [Emma Darwin Litchfield], a "first rate critic", said: " `Is it fair that...Lyell...calls your theory a modification of [Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de] Lamarck's? Why is it more a modification of him, than of any one's else [ sic]' "; her criticism is appropriate, but confidential; "I have more trust in your judgment than in my own, so I hope you may be right, as far as mere policy is concerned, in your very gentle statement of your belief"; thanks about Aye-Aye paper; ¹ has written to "Sir Henry". p. 14, line 23, add: is interested in "Athenaeum controversy"; ² [William Henry] Flower puts well how [Richard] Owen "has falsely dragged in size of brain"; Lyell's answer good, except too civil in saying that Owen "must have forgotten what he said in Annals; ³ it was a brazen lie, & ought not, I think, to have been treated so delicately." At end of letter is: has reread Lyell's letter; is ill; starts for [hydropathy at] Malvern after Easter holidays." ⁴

General physical description: ALS; 8 x6.5 8p. and fragment of env., add. [Sir...], end. [C. Darwin/ His doctrine not so/ Lamarckian as I make it./ March 14 1863]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See preceding letter, above. 2. See Life and Letters III, 8, 8n, and 9-10. 3. "On the Cerebral Characters of Man and the Ape," Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 7 (1861): 456-58. 4. CD visited Malvern from September 2 to October 14, 1863; see "Darwin's Journal," 16.

Prined, with minor changes: Life and Letters III, 15-17. p. 16, line 2, add: is astounded and grieved at part of Lyell's letter to [Joseph Dalton] Hooker about conduct of [Hugh] Falconer in "the monkey-case"; early part [of Lyell, The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man,... (London: John Murray, 1863)] had too many references to [Lyell,] Principles [ of Geology..., 3v. (London: John Murray, 1830-1833)]; is weak. p. 17, line 1, change "forgotten)," to "forgotten, Count Laperda or Saperde or some such name [i.e. Louis Charles Joseph Gaston, Marquis de Saporta]),". p. 17, line 8, add: [John William] Lubbock [Baron Avebury] is not satisfied with [Lyell's] notice of his Somme paper ["On the Evidence of the Antiquity of Man, Afforded by the Physical Structure of the Somme Valley," Nat. Hist. Rev., 2 (1862): 244-69]. ¹ p. 17, line 10, add: Hooker forgets "that he told me himself [the] date of publication of his Essay." ² p. 17, line 12, add: [Hooker] has more plants from Cameroon Mountains and will discuss mundane cold period. p. 17, line 13, missing element is "[Richard] Owen's [paper on the] Aye-Aye". ³ p. 17, line 17, add: "& I had written so good a letter (!) all ready, with a blank for his [i.e. Owen's] sentence claiming more than he had any right to; but I could pick out no such sentence. Hooker says he so despises him that he cannot hate him: I do not know whether this [is] a right frame of mind, but by Jove it is not my frame of mind." At end of letter is: agrees about [Thomas Henry] Huxley and "the Review [i.e. Natural History Review: A Quarterly Journal of Biological Science]", which is excellent nevertheless; ⁴ as CD has spoken against entomologists, see notice by CD on [Henry Walter] Bates's paper ["Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley," Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 23 (1862): 495-566] on mimetic resemblances. ⁵

General physical description: ALS; 8 x6.5 8p. and fragment of env., add. [Sir C. Lyell/ 53. Harley St/ London W.], end. [C. Darwin/ on Lamarck--on other au-/thors claims for notice in/ `Antiquity of Man'/ March.17.1863]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. The notice is probably Lyell, The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man... (London: John Murray, 1863), 19n. 2. See CD to Lyell, March 6, [1863], above. 3. See: ibid.; and preceding letter, above. 4. See Life of Lyell, II, 366. 5. See Nat. Hist. Rev., 3 (1863): 219-24.

Glad to hear authentic particulars and Fox's own case; mistakenly read 23 for 13 lambs and supposed that breeding was over two seasons; shows preponderance of one color over other; has exzema on face, so may postpone trip to Malvern.

General physical description: AL (mutilated); 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Letter to Fox dated March 9, 1863, and preserved at Christ's College, Cambridge, mentions the birth of 23 lambs and trip to Malvern. Another letter to Fox dated May 23, 1863, preserved in same place, mentions that eczema is better. Particulars in this letter are in Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), II, 30-31; this was written in early 1863, according to "Darwin's Journal," 16.

Thanks for specimens; Sethia is a "beautiful case" of reciprocal dimorphism; could not compare pollen because long-styled anthers were knocked off; long stamens dust the bodies of insects visiting these flowers, while short stamens dust proboscis; unequal lengths of alternate stamens insures that pollen on the proboscis is from more than a pair of anhers, as seen by CD in Lythrum; Ceylonese Lythraceae, if any, will show three forms, with two kinds of pollen in each flower; wants more facts and specimens; thanks for Limnanthemum, a "very pretty case"; ² has hothouse for growing it, but needs seeds; [in margin--PTC] flower with different color in each half anther, if not due to abortion, indicates dimorphism or trimorphism; wants to experiment on all orders; presumes that Sethia is a tree; will send soon a "little paper" on dimorphism of Linum ["On the Existence of Two Forms, and on Their Reciprocal Sexual Relation, in Several Species of the Genus Linum," J. Linn. Soc. (Botany), 7 (1864): 69-83]; thanks for fact concerning Discospermum; ³ thanks for specimens of galls, which interest CD, who is ignorant of them; almost experimented once upon galls; "It is truly wonderful what a change a little poison or irritation has effected, & effected in so diversified a manner"; ⁴ thinks [?galls on] specimens of Gomphia and Lesemia result from insect puncture or disease, not from sports or bud variation. ⁵

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Year written on top of first page of original in what appears to be a contemporary hand--perhaps an endorsement. 2. See Darwin, Different Forms of Flowers (1877), 116, 122, and 249. See also CD to Thwaites, June 20, [1862], above. 3. See Darwin, op. cit., 286. 4. See Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), II, 282. 5. CD here refers to Lesemia coccinea, now known as Salvia microphylla (Kunth). These generic names were identified by Professor Joseph Ewan, Tulane University.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters III, 20-21. At end of letter is: invites Lyells to Down; has had eczema; book by [Henry Walter] Bates [i.e. The Naturalist on the River Amazons..., 2v. (London: John Murray, 1863)] is "capital".

General physical description: ALS; 4p. @ 7 3/4 x5, 2p. @ 8 x5; 6p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Year written, perhaps in endorsement, at top of first page of original. Year of publication of book by Bates supports this year.

Thanks for Limnanthemum seeds; ¹ knows about conjugation of algae from pamphlet sent years ago by Thwaites which records a double embryo in Fuchsia to which CD has recently referred; ² thanks for specimen of and information on Cassia, which has curious flower; have [Rev. S. O.] Glenie see how insects visit it and if pistil moves during inflorescence; can not send carte de visite, since none has ever been made of CD; sends instead a "poor small photograph" taken by CD's son [?Leonard Darwin].

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Year written on top of first page of original in what appears to be a contemporary hand--perhaps an endorsement. For CD's request for the seeds, see CD to Thwaites, March 30, [1863], above. 2. See: Thwaites, "On Conjugation in the Diatomaceae," Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 20 (1847): 9-11, 343-44; and idem, "Further Observations on the Diatomaceae; with Descriptions of New Genera and Species," ibid., 1 (1848): 161-72. CD possessed and quoted from the latter article; see: Vorzimmer, Reprint Catalogue, item 25; and Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 391 and 391n.

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 243 (letter 171). At beginning of letter is: thanks for letter; congratulations on finding Arctic shells; ¹ [Edward Bissell] Hunt sent copy of his paper ["On the Origin, Growth, Substructure and Chronology of the Florida Reef," Am. J. Sci. (Silliman's J.), 35 (1863): 197-210]; ² was struck by it, but [James Dwight] Dana has reservations; "poor Dana" must restrict his mental exertions; glad that Antiquity [i.e. Lyell, The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man... (London: John Murray, 1863)] sells well, "but if it gets another edition of `Origin" [i.e. Darwin, Origin] I shall not be grateful; for I dread the very thought of that job." line 9, add: CD's sister [Emily] Catherine [Darwin Langton] will marry [Charles] Langton [on October 8, 1863], who had been married to [Charlotte Wedgwood Langton], sister of Emma [Wedgwood Darwin]; a good match. ³ At end of letter is: regards to wife; "I answered the Manchester Pigeon man for you."

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Year written in pencil on top of first page of original in what appears to be a contemporary hand--perhaps an endorsement. On arctic shells, found in 1863, see Life of Lyell, II, 379-80. 2. See Vorzimmer, Reprint Catalogue, item 290. 3. Cf. Emma Darwin, II, 202-03.

Wants cases of bud variations, called sports by gardeners, such as "moss-rose in Provence", in which leaf bud assumes new character; asks this because Sir R[obert Hermann] Schomburgk says flowers introduced to St. Domingo [i.e. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic] from warm temperate regions often had such bud variations; ³ wrote "some time ago" about dimorphic cinchonas, ⁴ and is now more certain of this, with some plants " absolutely sterile" with their own form of pollen; compare size of pollen of two Ceylonese genera mentioned by Thwaites, or send dried specimens; is "hard at work" on Darwin, Variation under Domestication [1868].

General physical description: Copy of L; 7.25 x4.5 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Year written on top of first page of original in an apparently contemporary hand. See also note 4, below. 2. This appears to be a handwritten facsimile of Down (type 4). 3. See Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 373-87 and 401-11, esp. 408. 4. See CD to Thwaites, June 15, [1862], above.

Corr. will see tubes if he places pollen on stigma, places pistil under strong microscope twelve to eighteen hours later, and tears up stigma; once one knows appearance of tubes with plant like geranium, one never mistakes them; has been in bed for six months, so cannot exchange orchids; Catasetums hard to exchange; Messrs [James] Veitch [& Sons] said they were not valuable enough to be marketable; some bi-generic crosses have been made, but seeds do not germinate.

General physical description: LS; 7 x4.5 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Down address variant used limits endpoints to 1861 and 1869. According to "Darwin's Journal," 15-18, esp. 16, CD's only six-month illness during this period was from October 14, 1863, to April 13, 1864.

Thanks for letter and MS; is ill and must be brief; corr.'s paper is "striking & original", but "all the Journals have so often discussed the `Origin of Species' that I do not believe any of them wd insert any other paper on the subject"; honors men like corr. who spend "much time in labour" and yet find time to "acquire extended knowledge & follow out original trains of thought"; returns MS.

General physical description: LS; 7 x4.5 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. This letter is part of the David J. Brown Papers, which were acquired in a single lot.

Sends condolences [on death of her son, James Mackintosh Wedgwood]; remembers corr.'s kindnesses at Malvern with [death of] "poor Annie" [i.e. Anne Elizabeth Darwin]; regards to [husband] Hensleigh; write back when [daughter] Hope [Elizabeth Wedgwood] writes to [CD's daughter] Etty [i.e. Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield].

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. James Mackintosh Wedgwood died in 1864; see Emma Darwin, I, xxvii.

Thanks for note; will attend to information when CD publishes book [? Expression of the Emotions (1872)]; thanks for kindness to son; illness delayed writing.

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Down address variant used determines endpoints of 1861 and 1869. Of CD's two long illnesses during this period, only that from October 14, 1863, to April 13, 1864, would provide CD with excuse for not writing until July.

Thanks for letter, photograph, and congratulations; encloses the only photograph of CD available, one taken by son [?Leonard Darwin]; thanks for reference to "the Comptes Rendus" on subject of special interest about which CD has few authentic facts; glad corr. is still working on Cucurbitaceae; recently, has quoted extensively from corr.'s papers on this "order [ sic; family]" in work being prepared on variation; ¹ will send soon a paper on Lythrum [Darwin, "On the Sexual Relations of the Three Forms of Lythrum salicaria," J. Linn. Soc. (Botany), 8 (1865): 169-96].

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 3p. (enclosure wanting)

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 357-60, for extensive quotation of Naudin on Cucurbitaceae. This chapter was written in late 1864; see "Darwin's Journal," 16-17.

Printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters III, 32-34. p. 34, line 2 after signature, change "address." to "Address & tell him about Sexual Selection."

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 8p.

Thanks for congratulations; ¹ sorry that corr. is ill; corr. looked "far from well" when CD last saw him.

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 1p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. The congratulations were probably for CD's Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London, awarded November 30, 1864; see "Darwin's Journal," 16n. Perhaps the illness of Gray was the cause of Gray's belatedness in congratulating CD.

Printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters III, 35-36. At end of letter is: regards to [Mary Elizabeth Horner] Lyell from [CD's wife and amanuensis for this letter, Emma Wedgwood Darwin]. ¹

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. This final remark is in Emma Darwin's hand and is signed with her initials.

Thanks for enclosed correspondence; ought CD to identify Miss Buckley as source about roosting in trees--the only new point--or would "received through Sir C. Lyell" be adequate; pigeons in upper Egypt settle in flocks on low trees, but not on palms; "the duke [?i.e. George Douglas Campbell, Duke of Argyll] making such a point as this rests on the Lamarckian belief that everything in structure & habits must change; ¹ I have put the case that such a change, if not selected or induced by compulsion, would be a downright difficulty on my notions"; more curious case is that of domestic pigeons which resemble a flock of gulls when they settle upon and float down the Nile to drink where the banks are perpendicular; "I have read most of H[erbert] Spencer's Biology [i.e. The Principles of Biology, 2v. (London: Williams & Norgate, 1864-1867)] & agree with you. Some of his remarks are very clever & suggestive, but somehow I seldom feel any wiser after reading him, but often feel mistified [ sic]"; Spencer dictates, so he has "detestable" style; [Joseph Dalton] Hooker thinks Spencer's last number is best ever written; has finished Elements [i.e. Lyell, Elements of Geology, 6th ed. (London: John Murray, 1865)], was struck by Lyell's "summing up on the Laurentian stages"; health still poor, but works two hours per day on "my `Domesticated Animals & Cultivated Plants [i.e. Variation under Domestication (1868)]'."

General physical description: ALS; 4p. @ 8 x5, 1p. @ 7 3/4 x5; 5p. (enclosure wanting)

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Campbell, "Opening Address," Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., 5 (1866): 264-92, esp. 281. See also Life and Letters III, 31-34.

Thanks for tracings and letter of February 19; is ill; case of mule is interesting, but CD has heard of similar; the only aids in naming Cape orchids are "extremely expensive illustrated works"; cannot suggest any good zoological works either; "Few foreign countries are so well off botanically as the Cape will be with [William Henry] Harvey's work [viz. Harvey and Otto Wilhelm Sonder, Flora Capensis: Being a Systematic Description of the Plants of the Cape Colony, Caffraria, & Port Natal, 3v. (Dublin: Hodges, Smith, and Co., 1859-1865)]"; do not study fertilization of orchids, since enough has been written on it, but see Rob[er]t Brown, ["On the Organs and Mode of Fecundation in Orchideae and Asclepiadeae"], Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., [16 (1833): 685-745], as there is a good deal to be learned on fertilization of this genus; has seen an American hymenopter with pollen masses of Asclepias [milkweed] covering its tarsi, but does not know how pollen is placed upon stigma; research on caverns of S[outh] Africa will be interesting; must bring or send specimens to Europe in order to name them.

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 4p. and env., add. [J. P. Mansel Weale Esq/ (crossed out--PTC) Port Elizabeth/ (crossed out--PTC) Algoa Bay/ Cape of Good Hope/ (added in margin--PTC) 4/ (added in margin--PTC) Adelaide], end. [First letter from C.D./ 1865 in answer to one/ from (P.L.?) 1864]

Thanks for note; is "much better", but is "far from strong" and is "living in my bedroom"; was stupid about the books; 1843 volume is right; have ready by Thursday morning the volume for 1844 containing on p. 295 a paper by [René Joachim Henri] Dutrochet [i.e. "Recherches sur la Volubilité des Tiges de Certains Végétaux et sur la Cause de ce Phénomène," C. r. hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci., Paris, 19 (1844): 295-303]; will then return the wrong volume.

General physical description: LS; 6 3/4 x4.5 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Date determined by Sydney Smith, St. Catharine's College, Cambridge, based upon state of CD's health; see "Darwin's Journal," 16-17.

Thanks for copy of corr.'s "new work on the `Races of the Old World' "; thinks view on correlation of color and constitution, expressed in remarks on p. 388, is probable; a year ago, through director general of medical department of British Army, CD circulated printed questions which asked about correlation of tropical diseases with color of hair and skin of victims to all regimental surgeons in the tropics; doubts that responses will be reliable.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. CD sent out the questionnaire mentioned here in May, 1864; see Life and Letters III, 90.

[Robert] Swinhoe writes to CD of domestic Chinese duck perhaps descended from Anas poeciloryncha [spot-billed duck from India]; is this a species distinct from A. boschas [common wild duck, or mallard]; what are differences; does it have curled tail feathers and wing marks, and is it a native of China; "After nine months inaction from illness, I have just begun to do a little work".

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 3p. and end. [8361/ C. Darwin/ about China Ducks/ Jan. 1866] 1

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Alongside endorsement, there are some penciled notes by Sclater, mostly illegible, but with "not at all like A. boschas" very clear.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 476-78 (letter 363). p. 477, line 26, add: CD and Emma [Wedgwood Darwin] send love to Lady [Mary Elizabeth Horner] Lyell. p. 478, line 2, change "S. on Himalaya" to "S. & on Himalaya".

General physical description: LS (postscript in CD's hand); 7 x4.5 10p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. CD's sister, Emily Catherine Darwin Langton, died on February 2, 1866; see "Darwin's Journal," 17.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 478-79 (letter 364).

General physical description: LS; 7 x4.5 6p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See preceding letter, above.

Glad [Charles James Fox] Bunbury has pointed out CD's errors; probably has notes about Drimys, Fuchsia, etc. in "my Portfolio on this subject"; seems to remember that "some of fossil mammals of Caves of Brazil are Andean, as Vicunas, Bears & Goat-like animal &c."; is especially glad to have seen these letters because CD heard this morning that [John] Murray wants a new [fourth or 1866] edition of Origin & CD "must alter a few words about Organ Mountains"; might add that [Jean Louis Rodolphe] Agassiz has detected glacial markings on these mountains; ¹ is sad that "my present work [i.e. writing of Variation under Domestication (1868)]" will be stopped for one to three months. ²

General physical description: ALS; 7 x4.5 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Year determined by year of publication of edition of Darwin, Origin containing change about Organ Mountains. See Darwin, Origin (1866), 444-45. Cf. ibid. (1861), 405. Or see Peckham, Variernm Origin, 595. 2. For dates of interruption of "my present work", see "Darwin's Journal," 17.

Has returned memorial, hopes it is successful; on mundane cool period, could have given additional facts if CD had known of Lyell's interest; worked in new facts in last German edition of Origin [?i.e. Freeman 428] which will appear in new [fourth] English edition [i.e. Freeman 115], but will be too late for Lyell [to include in the first volume of the tenth edition of Lyell, Principles of Geology, published November 1866]; one important consideration is that "it can be proved that individuals of the same plant, growing N. & S, or growing on mountains & plains, certainly become acclimatised & transmit different constitutional powers of withstanding cold to their seedlings; & this would come into play with the slowly advancing glacial period"; ³ CD's MS. of 47 folios, written ten years ago, is available if Lyell wants it; has read "a paper on the representative closely allied Petrels of N. & S. Oceans.--"

General physical description: ALS; 7 x4.5 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. A date of "5 March 1866" is written on the first page in pencil. Context of letter obviously follows the preceding letter above and precedes the subsequent letter below. March 5, 1866, was a Monday. 2. CD's sister, Emily Catherine Darwin Langton, died on February 2; see "Darwin's Journal," 17. 3. See Darwin, Origin (1866), 448.

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 157-58 (letter 506). At end of letter is: sends MS., thinks most useful pages are those tied in green ribbon; these passages appeared in second German and French editions [of Darwin, Origin (1862-63 and 1866, respectively)] and will appear in the next [i.e. fourth] English edition, due this summer; return these special pages in a week; rest of MS. may be kept for longer period; it is the old MS. abstracted for [Darwin,] Origin; sends also "some pencil notes & a letter from [Joseph Dalton] Hooker after he had read this 10 yr old M.S." ¹

General physical description: LS; 7.25 x4.5 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. The old MS. was a part of Stauffer, ed., CD's Nat. Selection. The pencil notes may be the passage reproduced in More Letters, I, 438. Hooker's letter is printed in More Letters, I, 437-38 (letter 333). For Lyell's reply, see Life of Lyell, II, 408-09. For the passage under discussion, see Darwin, Origin (1866), 442ff; or see Peckham, Variorum Origin, 591-610.

Thanks for letter with facts on birds admiring themselves; new [fourth] edition of Darwin, Origin contains remarks on beauty, but does not go into details; will send corr. a copy of it when published in the summer.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. The extended discussion on beauty was added to the fourth edition, which CD finished on May 10, 1866. See "Darwin's Journal," 17.

Thanks for "remembering what interests me"; has not seen "Bäer's [ sic; Baer's] paper," but has read "long extracts in one of [Rudolph] Wagner's papers after publishing my historical sketch [in 1860-1861]"; ² knew about case of hairy and toothless family (so like the Turkish dog) through [John] Crawfurd's [ Journal of an] Embassy [ from the Governor-General of India to the Court of Ava, with an appendix...by Professor Buckland and Mr. Clift, 2nd ed., 2v. (London: Henry Colburn, 1834)] and through "[Jules?] Travels"; did not know case was brought before B.A.A.S.; is working on "the very obscure subject of the causes of variability in domestic production" and hopes to go to press in winter or spring. ³

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Year determined by date of printing of Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868). See "Darwin's Journal," 17. 2. Wagner's paper is actually a book, Zoologisch-Anthropologische Untersuchungen (Gottingen: n.p., 1861). See Darwin, Origin (1866), xx-xxi; or see Peckham, Variorum Origin, 69, line 68.1:d. 3. CD here refers to Variation under Domestication (1868); see note 1.

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 159-60 (letter 507). At beginning of letter is: postponement of Lyell's visit has been great disappointment; CD's sister [Susan Elizabeth Darwin] suffers greatly and there is no hope of recovery; ¹ is glad that Lyell may come [to Down] in October.

General physical description: LS (postscripts in CD's hand); 4p. @ 8 x5, 5p. @ 7 x4.5 9p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. She died on October 3; see "Darwin's Journal," 17.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 271-72 (letter 192).

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See note to preceding letter, above.

Has read sheets [of the MS. of the amended chapters of Lyell, Principles of Geology, 10th ed., 2v. (London: John Murray, 1866-1868)] with "enthusiastic admiration"; returns them; thinks this the best thing published by Lyell; has no serious criticisms, but gives three remarks on survival of cold period by mammoth (p. 188), on permanence of continents (slip, p. 14), and on absence of secondary and plutonic rock on islands of great oceans (slip 15); gives congratulations for near-completion of Lyell's work; passage about evaporation of snow, which is conjectural but correctly reported, is in Darwin, Journal of Researches [(1839), 277-78n, or (1845),] 245n; [Charles] Pritchard, in his Nottingham sermon, ² says that, according to [George Biddell] Airy, [John Couch] Adams, and others, the day is slowly increasing in length, so that a trillion years ago its length was 1/200 second, and it will be 80 years long a trillion years hence.

General physical description: LS (postscripts in CD's hand); 4p. @ 7.25 x4.5, 1p. @ 7 3/4 x5; 5p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See note to second letter preceding, above. 2. The Continuity of the Schemes of Nature and of Revelation: A Sermon [on Eccl. iii. 14, 15] (London: 1866). This sermon was preached at the meeting of the B.A.A.S. in Nottingham in 1866; see DNB, 46, 404.

Emma [Wedgwood Darwin] has brought Lyell's "grand book"; ¹ thanks for it and for inscription on first page; Lyell's additions are prodigious; wants to read them, especially climate chapter, but must read five or six books and long papers first; "for p. 136, read 146"; congratulations.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Principles of Geology, 10th ed., 2v. (London: John Murray, 1866-1868), I.

Thanks for note; returned yesterday from stay in London with Erasmus [Alvey Darwin], who is not very well; does not know Christian name or address of Mr. Corbet, so please forward enclosed note to him; has given Corbet "all the information I could", but "mere chance experiments in diet" are useless; Emma [Wedgwood Darwin] is ill.

General physical description: ALS; 7.25 x4.5 4p. (enclosure wanting)

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Date determined by Sydney Smith, St. Catharine's College, Cambridge University, who also states that Corbet was a blind friend of Mrs. Marsh-Caldwell, whose daughter Rosamund stayed with Corbet.

Sends enclosed so Sclater can "communicate directly with the man" if desired. Enclosure is a portion of an undated ALS from Benjamin Dann Walsh, presumably addressed to CD, which is entirely crossed out except for the following: "If you happen to know any Ornithologist who wishes to exchange European Birds for North American birds, I have a particular friend here, `Dr. Velie, Rock Island, Illinois,' who has a very fine collection & is an excellent manipulator of birds'-skins. He is also an honorable man to exchange with, which is more than can be said of certain naturalists. But don't put yourself to any trouble on account of this matter." ¹

General physical description: LS; 7 3/4 x5; 1p. and end. [9402/ C Darwin/ Enclosure/ Dec 1866] and 2p. enclosure

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Jacob W. Velie was Curator of the Chicago Academy of Sciences from 1879 to 1893; see A. T. Andreas, History of Chicago from the Earliest Period to the Present Time, 3v. (Chicago: A. T. Andreas Co., 1884-86), III, 430-31. Suzanne W. Brown, Secretary to the Director, Chicago Academy of Sciences, provided this information.

J[ames] Emerson Tennant [ sic; Tennent] says captured elephants weep when moaning and screaming; observe this, and see if the "orbicularis palpebrarum" acts to wrinkle the surrounding skin and partially or wholly close the eyes; encloses "some printed copies of my queries on expression, with two of the more important ones a little amended"; would appreciate "a few observations on any race". ¹

General physical description: LS; 8.25 x5.5 2p. (enclosures wanting)

Other Descriptive Information: 1. On the subjects discussed in this letter, see: Darwin, Expression of the Emotions (1872), 21, 167-68, and 167n; and R. B. Freeman and P. J. Gautrey, "Charles Darwin's Queries about Expression," Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (hist. Ser.), 4 (1972): 205-19.

Thanks for letter and paper on Bonatea, ¹ which CD read and forwarded to Linnean Society; several points in it are new to CD; as it has published on orchids before and is in arrears, the Society may not publish the paper, but it is a valuable paper nonetheless; Weale's observations on Asclepias are new and curious; Robert Brown said years ago that he did not understand how pollen masses were retained by stigmas which do not emit viscid matter; has not heard of Brown's conduct as botanist in Weale's colony; thanks for praise of CD's work; "It is a most serious drawback to me that I am very seldom able to go to London or to see any of my fellow-workers in Natural History owing to my constant state of ill-health".

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 4p. and env., add. [J. P. Mansel Weale Esq/ Bedford/ Algoa Bay/ Cape Colony], end. [Feb: 1867 in answer to a/ letter from Bedford]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Weale, "Notes on the Structure and Fertilization of the Genus Bonates, with a Special Description of a Species Found at Bedford, South Africa," J. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), 10 (1869): 470-76.

Thanks for letter; knew [Richard] Dawes as an undergraduate, but had seen him only once since; will send two guineas for his memorial; remembers that [Marmaduke] Ramsay of Jesus [College, Cambridge] told Dawes he would do nothing but laugh through life, and all agreed, which shows "how little a man some times knows himself"; is "much better" in health after "two or three bad years", but [John] Tyndall gives "too flourishing an account", as CD is "never well for the whole day"; declines invitation; invites the Herberts to Down House.

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Dawes died on March 10, 1867.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters III, 65-66. At beginning of letter is: does not think H[enry] Parker ever reviewed the Origin; perhaps Lyell refers to an article ¹ on [George Douglas Campbell,] D[uke] of Argyll, which CD praised and a copy of which CD encloses; please return it.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p. (enclosure wanting)

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Probably "The Reign of Law," Saturday Review, 23 (1867): 82-84. But see also: Saturday Review for November 15, 1862; and Life and Letters III, 274.

The "variability & passage of Primrose into Cowslip must be given up", since CD has just proved that common oxlip is "a natural Hybrid between the two", but "Bardfield oxlip, which occurs almost only in Essex (the P. Elatior of Jacquin) is a perfectly distinct & good & third species"; is glad Lyell likes H[enry] Parker's article; ¹ wants to discuss N[orth] British Review and to see the Lyells; should go to London on fifteenth and, "stomacho volente", will breakfast with Lyell on Monday the seventeenth; ² Lyell's note about Primula lacked enclosure.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See preceding letter, above. 2. CD was in London June 17-24, 1867; see "Darwin's Journal," 17.

Thanks for deeply interesting letter; lends paper by Cap[tain Frederick Wollaston] Hutton, "a very acute observer", from a collection of reviews of Darwin, Origin (1859+); ² has just finished [George Douglas Campbell,] Duke [of Argyll]'s book [ The Reign of Law (London: Alexander Strahan, 1867)] and [Fleeming Jenkins, "The Origin of Species,"] N. Br. Rev., [ 46 (1867); 149-71 (issued June, 1867)]; Duke's book "very well written, very interesting, honest & clever & very arrogant. How cooly [sic] he says that even J[ohn] S[tuart] Mill does not know what he means"; parts of book are weak, such as about rudimentary organs and structure of humming birds; criticizes Duke's argument regarding diversity of structure; see CD's comments on this in Darwin, Origin (1866), 226, and on beauty, p. 238; sends copy of Origin to Kingsley; see also enclosed letter by [Alfred Russel] Wallace; Duke speaks absurdly of beauty "existing independently of any sentient being to appreciate it"; thinks deity should not come into scientific discussion; glad Kingsley admits sexual selection, which CD has studied recently; on lack of beauty in female birds, Wallace finds relation between nature of nest and female's beauty; ³ female peacock merely selects beauty, not every detail of color, so circular spot could become circular zone; "correlation of growth" is bad term, now prefers "correlation of variation"; Duke's attack on this is unfair; Duke wrong about natural selection; "I presume he wd not deny that [Robert] Bakewell, Collins, &c had in one sense made our improved breeds of cattle, yet of course the initial variations have naturally arisen; but until selected, they remained unimportant, & in this same sense natural selection seems to me all-important"; N. Br. Rev. is telling and hostile, but lacking in knowledge; reviewer wrong that domestic races formed rapidly; regarding antiquity of world, "I cannot implicitly believe the mathematicians, seeing what widely different results [Samuel] Haughton [, William] Hopkins & [William] Thompson [ sic; Thomson, Lord Kelvin] have arrived at"; ⁴ note from [Charles] Lyell, just received, dismisses N. Br. Rev.; study of geological work done during glacial period impresses one with necessary lapse of time; who wrote N. Br. Rev.?

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 9p. (incomplete) (enclosures wanting)

Other Descriptive Information: 1. CD read the Duke's book during this year; see Life and Letters III, 65. 2. CD probably refers to Hutton's review of the Origin in the Geologist (1861): 132-36 and 183-88. See Life and Letters II, 362; More Letters, II, 183-84; and Vorzimmer, Reprint Catalogue, item R.79. 3. See More Letters, I, 283 (letter 203); ibid., II, 59-61 (letter 429); and ibid., II, 72-74 (letter 440). 4. See Joe D. Burchfield, "Darwin and the Dilemma of Geological Time," Isis, 65 (1974): 301-21; and idem, Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth (New York: Science History Publications, 1975).

First portion printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters III, 71-72. At end of this portion is: thanks about six-fingered men, but that chapter [i.e. chapter 12 of Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868)] is finished. Next portion printed, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 141-43 (letter 493). At end of letter is: [Ludwig] Rütimeyer sent his book [ Über die Herkunft Unserer Thierwelt: Eine Zoogeographische Skizza... (Basel: H. Georg, 1867)], but has not read it or cut pages; wishes Lyell good progress in book [ The Principles of Geology, 10th ed., 2v. (London: John Murray, 1866-1868), volume 2].

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 6p. and sketch

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: Life and Letters III, 72-73. p. 73, line 2, missing phrase is "with all its bad judgment & taste". At end of letter is: regards to wife [Mary Elizabeth Horner Lyell]. At beginning of postscript is: leave French edition [of Darwin, Origin ( Freeman 420) (1866)] at 6 Queen Anne St. [home of CD's brother, Erasmus Alvey Darwin]. p. 73, line 2 of postscript, change "Russian has" to "Russian, Kowelowsky [i.e. Valdimir Onufrievich Kovalevsky], has".

General physical description: LS (postscript in CD's hand); 8 x5; 4p.

Has had much correspondence with [Vladimir Onufrievich] Kovalevsky, who has visited Down House; he is brother of "distinguished naturalist" [Aleksandr Onufrievich Kovalevsky]; he is preparing a translation of Darwin, [ Variation under Domestication (1868)], ² and has translated some expensive German works; he has made liberal offers to CD for translation; trusts Kovalevsky, but cannot answer for his "pecuniary circumstances", which are probably good.

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 3p. and end. [923/ C. Darwin/ 24th. August 1867]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. This correspondent was suggested in a private correspondence to the author from Professor James A. Rogers, Department of History, Claremont Men's College. 2. For citation of this translation in Russian, which is impossible to reproduce here, see B. Mus. Catalogue, 48, 964, second entry from top.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 299-300 (letter 217).

General physical description: ALS (portion not in CD's hand); 8 x5; 4p.

Since corr. has helped CD with queries, encloses a few slightly corrected copies; stir up any likely and accurate man.

General physical description: LS; 5.5 x4.5 1p. and enc. 1

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Enclosure is one-page broadside, Queries about Expression, identical to that identified as version number 2 in Richard Broke Freeman and Peter Jack Gautrey, "Charles Darwin's Queries about Expression," Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (hist. Ser.), 4 (1972): 207ff.

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: More Letters, II, 4-5 (letter 381). At beginning of letter is: Emma [Wedgwood Darwin] has headache. p. 4, line 10, change "distances" to "differences [ sic]". At end of letter is: brother [Erasmus Alvey Darwin] is home now.

General physical description: LS (postscript in CD's hand); 8 x5; 4p.

Printed in full: More Letters, I, 284-85 (letter 205).

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 3p.

Wants both indices, since has no index of Proc. zool. Soc. Lond.; send to same address as "Journal &c"; wants more recent list of fellows than 1858 version which CD has at present; December number of Intellectual Observer does not contain article by Sclater; supposes article on barbets is in November number; ¹ enjoys talk with Sclater.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 2p. and end. [10392/ C. Darwin/ abt. Index &c/ Dec 1867]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Supposition is correct. See Sclater, "Barbets, and Their Distribution," Intellectual Observer, 12 (1867-1868): 241-46. Talk with Sclater probably occurred while CD was in London in late November and early December; see "Darwin's Journal," 17.

Thanks for note; information is just what CD wanted; has looked at plates and text; cases are "capital & quite new to me"; should have known that corr.'s work would have this in it. ²

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 1p., end. [to A Günther 1870]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Apparently, this letter is a reply to a letter from Günther dated 19 December 1867. This letter is bound in volume 82 of the Darwin Papers at University Library, Cambridge. See Handlist of Darwin Papers, 21. 2. CD probably refers to Günther, Catalogue of the Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum, 8v. (London: 1859-1870).

Gives definitions of the following terms: shoulder-pad; cross and intercross; structure; constitution. Shows differences in the terms "constitution", "habit", and "instinct". Is astonished and pleased that translation ¹ will be ready by May.

General physical description: ALS (incomplete); 10.5 x8; 1p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. The translation is probably the first German edition of Darwin, Variation under Domestication [ Freeman 459] (1868). This information, the year for this letter, and the recipient were suggested by Sydney Smith, St. Catharine's College, Cambridge University.

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: More Letters, II, 90-91 (letter 455).

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See: Darwin to Thwaites, Jan. 31, [?1867], above; "Darwin's Journal," 17-18; and Darwin, Descent of Man (1871), II, 284ff and 319.

Thanks for note of April 1; case of monkeys is hopeless; take no more trouble about human expression; learned after writing that orbicularis palpebrarum contracts on trumpeting elephants in Zoological Gardens, and distress brings tears; would appreciate further details; [Edgar Leopold] Layard says a breed of fowls in Ceylon has hen alone colored like sooty white plumage; are young of breed sooty like hen or pure white like cock?

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. For further discussion of points in this letter, see the following letters above: Darwin to Thwaites, Jan. 31, [?1867]; ibid., Oct. 26, [1867]; and ibid., Feb. 13, [?1867-1868]. See also Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 256 and 256n.

Thanks to Thwaites and to [Edgar Leopold] Layard for trouble; is surprised at result, since Layard is trustworthy and [Edward] Blyth says same about fowls in Bengal; do not send fowls, since Zoological Society foolishly objects to domestic varieties.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See preceding letter, above.

Thanks for congratulations [because son George Howard Darwin was second wrangler at Cambridge]; son has pleased CD; reminds CD of celebration of [Charles Thomas] Whitley's wrangler honors and honors of corr.; old microscope, received anonymously [from Herbert], reminds CD of their old friendship; regards to wife.

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Emma Darwin, II, 216-17. This letter is part of the Herbert collection.

Thinks Capt. [Philip Parker] King's birds [?collected on 1826-1830 voyage of H.M.S. Adventure] were given first to Zoological Society and then to British Museum, but habitats for many specimens are incorrectly marked.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 1p. and end. [200/ C. Darwin/ to Secretary/ March 1868]

Thanks for long letter, somewhat consoling, "but I take [the argument for a short age of the earth based on a calculation of the combustion rate of] the Sun much to heart"; is consoled by argument based on ignorance of universe and of process causing incandescence in heavenly bodies; formed opinion that continents have had long endurance on basis of facts of geographical distribution; see Darwin, Origin [(1959), chap. 11, esp. 357-58] and Darwin, Coral Reefs; agrees about denudation, had concluded that matter brought to lower level was much ground up; this would not affect "Scotch streams"; is tired from morning in British Museum.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Year is penciled on letter by CD's son. During 1868, CD was at 6 Queen Anne Street only during March 3-10 and November 7-16; see "Darwin's Journal," 17-18. March period is preferred because of date on which William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, read his famous paper on the age of the earth; see Thomson, "On Geological Time," [read February 27, 1868], Trans. geol. Soc. Glasg., 3 (1871): 1-28.

Thanks for note with details on Le Compte family and on moss roses [ Rosa centifolia]; regrets having missed recent papers by corr. on inheritance, "but from living in the country & not seeing periodicals I have no doubt missed much of importance"; hopes CD has acknowledged corr. adequately.

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 3p.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 66-68 (letter 435).

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 7p. and env., add. [J. Jenner Weir/ 6. Haddo Villas/ Black-heath/ S.E.],end. [Darwin/ March/ 1868]

Thanks for "the grand Book [i.e. Lyell, Principles of Geology, 10th ed., 2v. (London: John Murray, 1866-1868), volume 2]"; has read only the newspaper since coming to London [on March 3], and vowed not to look at Lyell's book, but curiosity forced him to read some of the organic part; Lyell has given a "fair history of the progress of opinion on Species; but you will perhaps think it would be strange if I did not say so, seeing what high credit you give to me"; is delighted that Lyell alludes to pangenesis; "an untried hypothesis is always dangerous ground"; "My fear has always been that Pangenesis would be a still-born infant, over whom no one would rejoice or cry"; is eager to read chapters on domestication and on man.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Full date written on first page in pencil.

Thanks for note and paper on man; ¹ has studied the question for years and is writing essay on it, so found nothing new in corr.'s paper; agrees with corr. on "almost all points".

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 2p. and env., add. [D. Pennethorne Esq/ 1 New Square/ Lincolns Inn/ London]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Vorzimmer, Reprint Catalogue, item Q. 131. CD's essay is probably his book, Descent of Man (1871).

Has suggested to [John] Murray the publication of an English edition of [Alfred Edmund] Brehm's [Illustrirtes] Thierleben [6v. (Hildburghausen: Bibliographisches Institute, 1864-1869)], but Murray thinks England saturated with [T.W.] Wood, [ ?Curiosities of Ornithology]; thinks Brehm's book is " quite excellent, & the illustrations are admirable"; wants to borrow stereotypes of some of Brehm's illustrations for Darwin, [ Descent of Man (1871)]; thinks this will further advertise Brehm's work; will pay for stereotypes; wants from volume 1, the three monkeys pp. 54, 57, and 119; from volume 3, bower bird p. 317, Paradisea p. 324, Cosmetornis p. 669, Rupicola p. 745, and Cephalopterus p. 752; from volume 4, hummingbird pp. 109 and 111, [Crepidonia?] p. 326, Polyplectron p. 471, Machetes p. 625, Palamedea p. 739, and Rhynchaea p. 743. ¹

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. For stereotypes used by CD, see Darwin, Descent of Man (1871), II, 42, 47, 59, 70, 75, 88, 90, 202, 283, 309, and 311. Publisher of Brehm's work was assumed to be recipient of this letter.

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 160-61 (letter 508). At beginning of letter is: thanks for [Constantin Wilhelm Lambert] Glöger [ sic; Gloger], [ ?Das Abandern der Vogel... (Breslau: 1833) ¹], but already has it, so has sent it to Zoological Society; thanks also about hairy men, which CD possesses; [George Henry] Lewes has published three or four articles altogether, but not consecutively and more are yet to appear; ² differs from Lewes on many points, but finds independent thinking on subject refreshing.

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), II, 298. 2. See Cat. scient. Pap., 3, 995; 8, 216; and 12, 445.

Glad to see Eyton's handwriting; thanks for Eyton's Osteology [i.e. Osteologia Avium: A Sketch of the Osteology of Birds (Wellington: R. Hobson, 1867)]; congratulates Eyton on perseverance; had heard of Eyton's skeleton of Opisthocomus; sorry about Eyton's eyes; was too ill to have been at [B.A.A.S. mmeting at] Norwich [August 19-26, 1868]; remembers having hunted and fished at Eyton as a youth.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 2p.

Thanks for "taking all my questions so very kindly"; Thwaites has entered on fowl question in earnest; thanks to [S. O.] Glenie for "excellent letter"; has written a letter of thanks in return. ¹

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 2p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Darwin, Expression of the Emotions (1872), 21, 167, and 252. See also letter from Darwin to Thwaites, May 19, [?1867-1868], above.

Has received specimen and forwarded it to [Joseph Dalton] Hooker; will write when he hears Hooker's verdict; congratulates corr. for zeal.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 1p.

Thanks for letter of October 20 and offer of aid; thanks for copy of the instructions; thanks for "translating & inserting the questions on expression"; ¹ good wishes for voyage [to East Asia]. ²

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 2p. and env., add. [Ministerial Rath/ Dr Carl Ritter von Scherzer/ Alsergrund/ Liechtensteinstrasse/ Vienna/ via Belgium/ No 2.]

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Darwin, Expression of the Emotions (1872), 15-16. 2. See Poggendorff, III, 1184.

Thanks for letter just received; will find Fox's return on the sheep and cattle very useful; ¹ must prepare a new [fifth] edition of "that everlasting Origin"; ² "I am sick of correcting."

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 1p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Darwin, Descent of Man (1871), I, 304-05. 2. This edition was prepared between December 26, 1868, and February 10, 1869; see "Darwin's Journal," 18. This is basis for determination of year for this letter.

Thanks to Thwaites and friends for taking trouble about fowls; results doubtful if not the pure breed; is "unwilling to believe that [Edward] Blyth & [Edgar Leopold] Layard were both mistaken"; do males of black chickens mentioned by Layard undergo change when they become adult; is glad to see [S. O.] Glenie's letter; thank Glenie and Layard; is astonished that Glenie saw no contraction of orbicular muscle in elephants, since CD and others have seen this plainly on elephants in Zoological Gardens; perhaps too great a contraction is expected; thanks for specimen showing surprising difference in form of leaves. ¹

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See letter to Thwaites, September 2, 1868, above.

Cannot provide needed information; glad Eyton continues to work on osteology of birds; has not seen Alph[onse] M[ilne] Edwards's book [probably Recherches Anatomiques et Paléontologiques pour Servir à l'Histoire des Oiseaux Fossiles de la France, 4v. (Paris: V. Masson et Fils, 1867-1871), II, published in 1868 or 1869], but hears it is excellent; how many months after birth do horns appear in males of fallow deer? ¹

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 3p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Darwin, Descent of Man (1871), I, 288n.

Thanks for book on Vesuvius [ Vesuvius: A History of the Mountain and of Its Successive Eruptions (Oxford: 1869)], which has not yet arrived.

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 2p.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 162-64 (letter 510).

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 6p.

Printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters III, 110-111.

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 2p.

Heard while recently in London that corr. had "already started" [on a journey of some sort]; gave spare copy of corr.'s book to [Philip Lutley] Sclater to forward to Dr. Hartlant, the poor ornithologist; do camels, when uttering a loud and prolonged sound, contract their eyelids and skin around eyes; cannot observe this at Zoological Gardens, because camels there make no noises.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 3p.

Lyell's point is good; when reading [James] Croll, ¹ thought of preservation of glaciation in Scotland and Wales and of turf-covered shelves of Glen Roy and elsewhere; supposed Croll would say wear was confined to hard rocks in valley; but according to Lyell's figures, water channels could not supply enough detritus; someone should visit Glen Roy to measure area of naked rock and detritus; thinks shelves unchanged since they bordered the water; thinks Croll's and [Archibald] Geikie's estimate of surface degradation ² is too high, even if estimate of present rate is correct; "Somehow I cannot persuade myself that the Glacial period was much more recent than hitherto supposed"; would like to hear Croll's reply to this; sorry about "Amazonian shells".

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. "On Geological Time, and the Probable Date of the Glacial and the Upper Miocene Period," Lond. Edinb. Dubl. Phil. Mag., 35 (1868): 363-84; and 36 (1868): 141-54, 362-86. 2. Ibid.; and Geikie, "On Modern Denudation," Geol. Mag., 5 (1868): 249-54, reprinted in Trans. geol. Soc. Glasg., 3 (1871): 153-90.

Was prejudiced against CD's theories when he began to read CD's works, but CD's writings convinced him of truth of CD's theories; thanks for "kind letter" approving Stebbing's paper on Darwinism. ¹

General physical description: Copy of L, retained by author; 7 x4.5 1p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See letter to Stebbing, March 3, 1869, above.

Received fawn's head safely, but previous information sufficed; pleased to hear that CD's son at Trinity [?Francis Darwin, George Howard Darwin, or Horace Darwin] is a friend of Eyton's son [?William Campbell Eyton, Thomas Slaney Eyton, or Robert Henry Eyton]; "It is a resurrection of old times [when CD and Eyton were at Cambridge together]."

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 1p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. This letter appears to follow letter to Eyton dated January 24, 1869, above.

Thanks for [Alfred Russel] Wallace's letter; ¹ had not formed opinion on [Henry] Moseley's or [James] Croll's papers, ² but latter seemed ingenious; since Moseley studied mechanics, he must have thought of Wallace's considerations; thought parallel veins in glacial ice and curve formed in straight row of sticks [arranged transversely in ice across top of glacier] show that glaciers do not descend by succession of abrupt fractures; subject is "beyond me"; Wallace's book [ The Malay Archipelago..., 2v. (London: Macmillan, 1869)] is capital, especially discussions on geographical distribution, and it will be a success; is working hard.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See letters from Wallace to Lyell dated March 13 and March 17, 1869, Lyell Papers, APS Library. 2. Moseley, "On the Mechanical Possibility of the Descent of Glaciers by Their Weight Only," Proc. R. Soc., 17 (1869): 202-08; and Croll, "On the Physical Cause of the Motion of Glaciers," Phil. Mag., 37 (1869): 201-06.

Wanted to meet--and tried to meet--CD's son, but without success; hopes to meet CD some day; thanks for compliments on studies of Darwinism; although he opposes CD, Quatrefages acknowledges CD as only man to propose an evolutionary theory which is scientific and embraces all problems posed by organic nature; thinks scientific reason is still on Quatrefages's side, but appreciates grandeur of CD's work and says so in final installment, to appear April 7; will send a copy of this paper to CD; through printer's error, incorrectly stated in third article of series that CD erred in discussion of single origin for titmouse and nutcracker; hopes their differences of opinion never alter their good relations.

General physical description: ?ALS; 8.5 x6.5 4p. (in French) 1

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Translation into English provided by editor's wife, Nancy E. Carroll.

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters III, 116-17. p. 117, line 15, missing phrase is "& weak". At end of letter is: has recovered from crushing by horse in three weeks instead of in three months as [James] Paget expected. ¹

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. See Emma Darwin, II, 226.

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 144-45 (letter 495).

General physical description: LS; 8 x5; 4p.

Thanks for letter; has long been interested in expression; enclosed queries sent to various parts of world; has received only a few answers, chiefly from Australia; none discussed "true negroes"; thus, would be grateful for answers; corr. will find observation difficult; gives suggestions on how to facilitate observation; has had no answers on query five, "an expression well known to the old Grecian statuaries"; ² was just wishing for observer on Guinea coast; ¹ do horns and ruffs of throat hair appear first on breeds of sheep in which rams alone acquire such traits or on breeds in which both sexes acquire them; give age when these traits first appear; on gorilla and chimpanzee, has contradictory evidence on whether upper or lower body of gorilla is hairiest; presumes voice of male the more powerful; do "the wild natives" consider "their own characteristic features" to be beautiful; do barbarian women influence particular men to woo them or to purchase them? ³

General physical description: ALS; 4p. @ 8 x5, 2p. @ 7 x4.5 6p. (enclosure wanting)

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Reade went to the Guinea coast in 1869; see DNB. 2. See: Darwin, Expression of the Emotions (1872), 21-22, 279, and 289; and Richard Broke Freeman and Peter Jack Gautrey, "Charles Darwin's Queries about Expression," Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (hist. Ser.), 4 (1972): 205-19. 3. See Darwin, Descent of Man (1871), I, 289n, and II, 247, 285, 344, 346, 350, 357, and 374.

Belated thanks for proofs of excellent woodcuts; make female in figure 2a less dark; give name of male; return proofs, MS. list of specimens or instructions for woodcuts, and revise of corrected proof previously submitted by CD; may need more cuts; is ill.

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 4p.

Other Descriptive Information: 1. Written in pencil on last page is: "To E. A. Smith/ Zool. Dept./ British Museum".

Thought corr. would like to see enclosed letter from [William] B[oyd] Dawkins, who was pleased by visit, although it was not as geologically interesting as expected; "There is something wonderfully curious in coming across remains of our old savage progenitors, with their ground-down teeth."

General physical description: ALS; 8 x5; 1p. and env., add. [Miss Lloyd/ Caerdeon] (enclosure wanting)