Emil Leon Post Papers, American Philosophical Society

Table of contents

Abstract

A Polish-born mathematician who worked in symbolic logic, set theory and computation theory, Emil Leon Post received his doctorate from Columbia in 1920 for a dissertation proving the consistency of the propositional calculus described in Whitehead and Russell's Principia mathematica. He joined the faculty at City College of the City University of New York in 1932, where he remained until his death in 1954. Although illness continually interrupted Post's career, he made important contributions to the concepts of completeness and consistency and to recursive functions, foundational to modern computing theory. In 1936, he introduced the concept of a "Post machine," a sort of precursor to the von Neumann's notion of a program. The Post Papers consist of 8 linear feet of professional correspondence, research notes, and papers, to which have been added a small number of items of biographical interest.

Background note
Scope & content
- Arrangement
Administrative information
Additional information
- Separated material
- Bibliography
Added entries
Contact information
Collection overview
- Series I. Correspondence, 1912-1955
- Series II. Subject Files, 1888-1955
- Series III. Works by Post, 1921-1953
- Series IV. Research Notes, 1917-1953
- Series V. Materials Gathered by Phyllis Post Goodman, 1955-1995
- Series VI. Photographs, 1924, 1948
Collection inventory
- Series I. Correspondence, 1912-1955
- Series II. Subject Files, 1888-1955
- Series III. Works by Post, 1921-1953
- Series IV. Research Notes, 1917-1953
- Series V. Materials Gathered by Phyllis Post Goodman, 1955-1995
- Series VI. Photographs, 1924, 1948

Background note

Emil Post, June 1924

Emil L. Post was born in Poland in 1897. At the age of seven he emigrated with his mother and sisters to New York, where his father worked in the successful family clothing and fur business.

As a child growing up in Harlem, Post was especially interested in astronomy. Tragically, before age thirteen he lost his left arm in an accident. Post wrote to several observatories asking whether his handicap would exclude him from the profession of astronomy. While the response from Harvard College Observatory was encouraging ("there is no reason why you may not become eminent in astronomy"), the superintendent of the U.S. Naval Observatory wrote that "in my opinion the loss of your left arm would be a very serious handicap to your becoming a professional astronomer. In observational work with instruments the use of both hands is necessary in all the work of this observatory." Discouraged, Post turned his intellect away from the heavens and toward mathematics.

After graduating from Townsend Harris High School, Post entered City College of New York. By the time he received a B.S. in mathematics in 1917, Post had already done much of the work for a paper on generalized differentiation that was eventually published in 1930. From 1917-1920 Post was a graduate student at Columbia University. His doctoral dissertation involved the mathematical study of systems of logic, specifically the application of the truth table method to the propositional calculus of Whitehead and Russell's Principia Mathematica. Post was able to show that the axioms of propositional calculus were both complete and consistent with respect to the truth table method. This dissertation was to help form the foundation of modern proof theory.

Post spent the 1920-1921 academic year at Princeton on a post-doctoral fellowship. It was during this period that he continued to analyze the Principia Mathematica and began to grapple with a revolutionary idea that would become famous in the 1930s: the fundamental incompleteness of any formal logic. Unfortunately for Post, his early formulations were fragmentary and as he struggled to work them out, Kurt Gödel, who had no knowledge of Post's work, announced his landmark "incompleteness theorem" in 1931. When Alonzo Church published "An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory" in 1936, Post's work, which remained unpublished, lost its claim to originality. In a 1938 letter to Gödel, a disappointed but gracious Post remarked that "any resentment I may have is at the Fates if not myself.... I have the greatest admiration for your work, and after all it is not ideas but the execution of ideas that constitute a mark of greatness."

In 1921 Post suffered his first attack of manic-depressive illness, a condition which was to reoccur throughout his life, often at the peak of creative periods. He recovered from this first occurrence well enough to begin teaching at Cornell, but after another collapse he found himself unemployed and unwanted in academia. For years he survived by teaching high school in New York. In 1932, Post began teaching at City College of New York, where he stayed for the rest of his career. Despite a treatment regimen that limited research time and a teaching load of sixteen hours per week, he continued to produce important papers.

In 1936 Post contributed a paper to the first issue of the Journal of Symbolic Logic entitled "Finite Combinatory Processes--Formulation I." This paper had much in common with Alan Turing's work on a universal computing machine. While Turing's work described the mechanics of such a machine, Post focused on the instructions, or "software," that would make the machine work. Post was able to prove that all computational processes could be reduced to a set of instructions that manipulated two symbols, "0" and "1."

Post's most influential mathematical work arose out of an address given to the American Mathematical Society in 1943. His paper on recursively enumerable sets, published in 1944, spawned a series of investigations on completeness and simplicity in set theory.

As a teacher at City College during the 1930s and 1940s, Post had a reputation as a demanding yet fair instructor. His classes were organized to the minute, and he did not encourage questions from his students. Still, he was a popular teacher who had many students go on to become professional mathematicians.

Post continued to struggle with manic depression throughout his career. In 1954, after a period of fairly good health, he became ill for the last time. He died of a heart attack shortly after being treated with electro-shock therapy in an upstate New York hospital. He was survived by his wife, Gertrude Singer Post (1900-1956) and his daughter, Phyllis Post Goodman.

Scope and content

The Emil Leon Post Papers (1888-1995) contain correspondence, subject files, manuscripts of published and unpublished works by Post, research notes by Post, materials gathered by Post's daughter, Phyllis Post Goodman, and photographs, which document Post's career as a mathematician.

The papers (8 boxes; 4 linear feet) are divided into six series:


Series I.	Correspondence, 1912-1955	(2 boxes; 0.75 linear feet)
Series II.	Subject Files, 1888-1955	(1 box; 6 folders)
Series III.	Works by Post, 1921-1953	(2 boxes; 0.25 linear feet)
Series IV.	Research Notes, 1917-1953	(6 boxes; 2.75 linear feet)
Series V.	Materials Gathered by Phyllis Post Goodman, 1955-1995	(1 box; 0.25 linear feet)
Series VI.	Photographs, 1924, 1948	(1 box, 3 folders)

Arrangement

Each series is arranged alphabetically by folder title and then chronologically within each folder.

Administrative information

Restrictions

None.

Provenance

The Post notebooks were donated by Martin Davis in 1986 (Accession 1986-332ms). The remaining Post Papers were donated to the APS by Phyllis Post Goodman in 1992 (Accession 1992-1345ms and 1992-1088ms) and 1994 (Accession 1994-99ms, 1994-367ms, and 1994-238ms). It is expected that further additions may be made to this collection.

Preferred citation

Cite as: Emil Post Papers, American Philosophical Society.

Processing information

Catalogued by Eric Hinsdale, Mellon Summer Intern, and Peniel E. Joseph, Mellon Summer Intern, Supervised by Miriam B. Spectre, Senior Processing Archivist, April 1995.

Additional information

Separated material

All photographs have been removed from Series I-V and placed in Series VI, with cross-references added in the original series. Reprints have been moved to the Printed Materials Department of the APS library. If a reprint was found as an enclosure, a photocopy of the title page was filed in its place.

References

Emil Post, Solvability, Provability, Definability : the Collected Works of Emil L. Post Boston : Birkhäuser, 1994 Call no.: 510 P84s.