An Annotated Calendar of the Letters of Charles Darwin in the Library of the American Philosophical Society
1799-1882
(2.5 linear feet)

Part II: Numbers 201-400
B D25

© American Philosophical Society
105 South Fifth Street * Philadelphia, PA 19106-3386
 American Philosophical Society 105 South Fifth Street Philadelphia, PA 19106-3386
Arrangement

Detailed inventory

 201. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860] Feb. 25th [wmk. 1859] ALS; 8 x5; 4p. B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 291. At beginning of letter is: glad to hear about [Richard] Owen; expects "many & bitter sneers" from Owen; glad Lyell used the same safe and true argument as [Herbert] Spencer's to the Bishop [?Samuel Wilberforce]. At end of letter is: sends portion of letter from [Heinrich Georg] Bronn which shows that Bronn is thinking more about [Darwin, Origin (1859)]; Bronn will translate it himself; has had letter from Sir W[illiam] Jardine, who opposes CD, but attack on CD's ornithological accuracy by Jardine is worthless; Jardine says Andrew Murray has read paper against CD;1 does not know if degraded Aspicarpa flowers make fruit, but some other degraded flowers are abnormally fertile; agrees with criticisms of H. Spencer; has read Spencer's essay on population in which Spencer "publishes such dreadful hypothetical rubbish on the nature of reproduction."2

Note: 1. "On Mr. Darwin's Theory of the Origin of Species," Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., 4 (1857-1862): 274-91.
2. "A Theory of Population, Deduced from the General Law of Animal Fertility," Westminster Review, 57 (January-April, 1852): 468-501.

202. To [Joseph LEIDY]; Down (type 2) [1860] March 4th. Typed copy of ALS;1 11 x8.5 2p. B D25.1

Thanks for note of December 10 and valuable bundle of Leidy's publications; Leidy's palaeontology is highly regarded; Leidy's support is especially valuable because most palaeontologists "despise my work"; all older geologists except [Charles] Lyell are even more vehemently opposed; several younger geologists, however, support CD, especially on imperfection of geological record; is delighted that Leidy has evidence to support CD because, although CD himself will continue to work on the subject of evolution, "the sole way of getting my views partially accepted will be by sound workers showing that they partially accept them. I say partially, for I have never for a moment doubted, that though I cannot see my errors, that much in my Book [Origin (1859)] will be proved erroneous."

Note: 1. Original of this letter is at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

203. To [Charles] LYELL; Down. [1860 March] 12th [wmk. 1859]1 ALS; 8 x5; 4p. B D25.L

Printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 295.

Note: 1. This letter might be dated incorrectly by CD, since Lyell's species notebooks show him visiting CD until March 13, and this latter date seems like a more natural one for this letter. See Leonard G. Wilson, ed., Sir Charles Lyell's Scientific Journals on the Species Question (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1970), 363 and 398. For further discussion of Greeks, see ibid., 364-65.

204. To [Charles] L[YELL]; no location [1860 late March-early April]1 AL, S by init.; 4.5 x7; 2p. (enclosure wanting) B D25.L

Lyell is kind; hopes enc. will do; did not mention personal qualifications, of which CD is ignorant; could not allude to "precedent under [Robert John Eden,] L[or]d Aukland" because CD knows nothing about such precedent, not even whether there was a naturalist [?on the expedition]; will write to [Edward] Blyth in afternoon.
Next portion printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 297-98.

Note: 1. This letter must have been written after the publication of Sedgwick's review of Darwin, Origin (1859), which appeared in the Spectator on March 24, 1860, and it must have been written before the letter to Asa Gray dated April 3, [1860], printed in Life and Letters II, 296-97, because this letter claims that CD and Lyell agree that Sedgwick is the Spectator's reviewer.

205. To [Albert] WAY; Down (type 2) [?1860]1 April 7th [wmk. 1859] ALS; 8 x5; 4p. B D25.125

Wants to know history of strongly marked domestic breeds of animals; thinks archaeologists may know when dray horses were first recorded; does Way know any archaeologists who can help on this point; should CD ask for help in Notes and Queries, "though that is a periodical I have no means of seeing"; "Eheu Eheu, the old Crux Major days are long past."2

Note: 1. The combination of type of Down address variant used on this letter with a watermark of 1859 occurred, apparently, only between late 1859 and mid-1860.
2. See Barlow, ed., Autobiography, 62-63. Panagaeus crux-major, a species of beetle, was collected by CD and Way while they were classmates at Cambridge.

206. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860] Apr. 10th [wmk. 1859] ALS; 8 x5; 8p. B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 300-01. p. 300, line 5, add: "I have got [the first number of the short-lived journal called] `The Future' [published April, 1860], but cannot clearly make head or tail of it." p. 300, line 28, missing name is [Richard] Owen. p. 301, line 8, add: "makes me say that the dorsal vertebrae of pigeons vary & refers to page where the word dorsal does not appear. Sneers at my saying a certain organ is the branchiae of Balanidae; whilst in his own `Invertebrata'1 published before I published on cirripedes, he calls them organs without doubt branchiae." p. 301, line 10, missing name is Owen. At end of letter is: "How hard it is to please everyone. I told [Joseph Beete] Jukes that I sh[oul]d leave out in any next Edition [of Darwin, Origin] about the Weald,2 & he demurred greatly & said `he almost fancied he had written [it] himself,' as he bravely told [Roderick Impey] Murchison."

Note: 1. Richard Owen, Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Invertebrate Animals... (London: Longmans, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1843), 158.
2. Cf. Darwin, Origin (1860), 285ff, and ibid. (1861), 308; or see Peckham, Variorum Origin, 483-85, lines 57-71.

207. To [Heinrich Georg BRONN]; Down (type 2) [1860]1 Ap. 13 [wmk. 1859] ALS; 7 3/4 x4 3/4; 1p. B D25.75

Thanks for [Bronn's] "Untersuchungen uber [sic] die Entwickelung" and two copies of "Morphologische Studien," just received; will send extra copy of latter to "some good man"; thanks also for portrait.

Note: 1. Date and correspondent are obvious from the contents, as the following indicates: Bronn's books are Untersuchungen über die Entwickelungs-Gesetze der organischen Welt... (Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagshandlung und Druckerei, 1858) and Morphologische Studien über die Gestaltungs-Gesetze der Naturkörper überhaupt... (Leipzig and Heidelberg: C. F. Winter'sche Verlagshandlung, 1858). CD offered the extra copy of the latter book to Thomas Henry Huxley; see More Letters, II, 232 (letter 566).

208. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860] Ap. 15th [wmk. 1859] ALS; 8 x5; 6p. B D25.L

Printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 303-04. p. 303, line 4, after "noticing", add: "[Richard] Owen's".

209. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860] Ap. 27th/ 28th [wmk. 1859] ALS; 8 x5; 8p. B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 30 (letter 403). At beginning of letter is: thanks for [John Strong] Newberry;1 "the non-comittal [sic] men do not always most help a science"; sent "clever review" by [Antoine Auguste] Laugel2 & address of President of Tyneside Naturalists;3 regarding dogs, although the case is doubtful, CD favors multiple origins, but prefers not to nommit himself until he can weigh all evidence; given the volume of discussion since [Peter Simon] Pallas, "I do not at all believe that [Richard] Owen did not know perfectly well some of the wild Canidae to which I alluded"; dogs of the world mingle the bloods of the European wolf, two distinct North American wolves, probably the Guyana dog or wolf, and probably (according to Pallas and Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire) several wild races of jackal; will compile facts in present volume,4 but not in Origin; [John William] Dawson's remark on variability of Canidae will be hard to prove;5 has received Lyell's budgets; thanks for drawings, sent on to Paris; supposes that [William Benjamin] Carpenter calls Vertebrata a class and birds an order, but this is unusual, and estimating the value of groups is "hopelessly difficult"; case of spitz dog is from [Johann Matthäus] Bechstein, [Gemeinützige Naturgeschichte Deutschlands nach allen drei Reichen, 2nd ed., 4v. (Leipzig: Bey S. L. Crusius, 1801-1809), I, 638]; case of sheep and goat in Chile is "nearest case [ever] of reversion to one pure parent by repeated crosses"; such reversion is easy, and the number of generations needed to do it with various plants has been set by [Karl Friedrich von] Gärtner and perhaps [Joseph Gottlieb] Kölreuter; such reversion has been effected with Phasianus colchicus and P. versicolor; but Lyell refers to reversion only when hybrids are bred inter se, so Lyell's case seems "very wonderful & improbable"; is interested in Lyell's closing remarks.

Note: 1. Probably "Notes on the Ancient Vegetation of North America," Am. J. Sci. (Silliman's J.), 29 (1860): 208-18.
2. See Revue des Deux Mondes, April 1, 1860.
3. Probably in Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club, 4 (1858-1860).
4. Darwin, Variation under Domestication, 2v. (1868), esp. chap. 1.
5. Dawson, Archaia (Montreal: B. Dawson & Son, 1860). Lyell was reading this book at the time; see Life of Lyell, II, 332.

210. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860] May 4th [wmk. 1859]1 ALS; 8 x5; 6p. B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 261-62. At beginning of letter is: has been promised, and will send, an arrowhead found in peat by Col. Erskine in Aberdeenshire, which was found with many others in one place "where there were stones pitted for the manufacture"; similarly, John [William] Lubbock [Baron Avebury] says flints in France are found in such vast numbers in peat that M. [Jacques] Boucher [de Crèvecoeur] de Perthes said Lubbock might take as many as he liked; these facts remove great difficulty in case of gravel-bed celts, viz. their large numbers; hopes Lyell will return to France; it took sketch by Lubbock to make positions of celts clear to CD; case deserves months of work; will keep [John Strong] Newberry's interesting paper [see preceding letter, above]; pleased at how strongly Newberry asserted existence of American continent since Palaeozoic times; suspects CD's "crude notion" of cause for our ignorance of pre-Palaeozoic deposits will be shown to be true. p. 261, line 8, add: look at Spirifers arranged by [John William] Salter.2

Note: 1. Printed version is incorrectly dated January 4, 1860.
2. See Life and Letters II, 366-67.

211. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860 May] 8th [wmk. 1859] ALS; 8 x5; 6p. B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 306-07. At beginning of letter is: Lyell's letter contained "much news"; did not know that, despite efforts of [Roderick Impey] Murchison, the Cambrian, or [Joachim] Barrande's primordial, has been separated from the Lower Silurian; sorry that CD shall not be in London [?to attend meeting of Geological Society of London] on 16th because CD wanted to hear papers;1 has written to [John William] Lubbock, [Baron Avebury], about meeting; will stay at home because daughter Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield] has remittent fever [malaria]. p. 306, line 6, add: concerning aster, remembers paper by Asa Gray and another that gives cases of two forms specifically distinct but "perfectly united by intermediate varieties or links." p. 307, line 5, add: "I do not suppose that this is much of honour; but".

Note: 1. G. P. Wall, "On the Geology of a Part of Venezuela and of Trinidad," Q. Jl geol. Soc. Lond., 16 (1860): 460-70; and E. Lartet, "On the Coexistence of Man with Certain Extinct Quadrupeds...," ibid., 471-79.

212. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860] May 18th [wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 8p. B D25.L

Printed: Life and Letters II, 308-09. p. 308, line 7, add: Thanks for letter of 15th; new facts about man are interesting; [Thomas Taylor] Lewis takes account of rabbit and hare from Isidore Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire, but CD did not see original account; would like to ascertain origin of original hybrids because there is an old variety called "Hare-rabbit"; gives similar case of "pheasant-fowl" hybrids that were really varieties; wants to see [Hermann] Schaafhausen's pamphlet on natural selection;1 has ordered "Canadian Mag."2 p. 309, line 5, add: ill health and interruptions slow CD's progress; "I can very plainly see, as I lately told [Joseph Dalton] Hooker, that my Book [Origin (1859)] would have been & [would] be a mere flash in the pan, were it not for you, Hooker & a few others." At end of letter is: daughter Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield] is slightly better, has been ill three weeks; has read [?review of Darwin, Origin (1859)] by [Dominique Alexandre] Godron and found it commonplace, in contrast to "capital paper on Means of Distribution";3 has received eight-page poem, in unknown hand, "quizzing & lauding" CD and his [Origin]; in case CD had not mentioned before, some time ago a Manchester newspaper published a "very good & long quiz...showing that I had proved that `might was right' was the universal law of nature."4

Note: 1. "Über Beständigkeit und Umwandlung der Arten," Verh. naturh. Ver. preuss. Rheinl., 10 (1853): 420-51.
2. This refers, perhaps, to John William Dawson, "Review of `Darwin on the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,' " Can. Naturalist, 5 (1860): 100-20.
3. "Considérations sur les migrations des végétaux et spécialement de ceux qui, étrangers au sol de la France, y ont été introduits accidentellement," Mém. Acad. Stanislas, 1853; 329-67.
4. See Life and Letters II, 262.

213. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860] May 22d [wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 4p. (enclosure wanting) B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 151 (letter 102). At beginning of Letter is: encloses letter from A[sa] Gray "received this morning"; Appletons [American publishers of Darwin, Origin] are gentlemen [for paying a royalty to CD], but payment for edition of 2,500 copies was not large;1 sends Isidore G[eoffroy Saint-]H[ilaire] on hare-rabbit, page 222;2 glad to know author of reportedly "savage" [review in] North British Review, not yet read by CD;3 [CD's son] William at Norgate says medical review referred to by Asa Gray is [William Benjamin] Carpenter's;4 sorry to trouble CD with [Adam] Sedgwick in Cambridge paper.5 At end of letter is: Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter] is the same, has been ill over three weeks; "What a fact about the Coral Land Shells!!!"

Note: 1. See: Historical Records Survey, Division of Professional and Service Projects, Works Projects Administration, Calendar of the Letters of Charles Robert Darwin to Asa Gray (Boston: Historical Records Survey, 1939; reprinted Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, Inc., 1973), 25; and "Darwin's Journal," 15.
2. Histoire Naturelle Générale des Règnes Organiques..., 3v. (Paris: Victor Masson et Fils, 1854-1862), III, 222. This is probably the correct reference, even though the date of publication of volume 3 is too late (i.e. 1862); perhaps CD had a proof page.
3. [John Duns], "On the Origin of Species.... By Charles Darwin...." N. Br. Rev., 32 [American ed., 27] (May, 1860): 245-63. For identity of the anonymous author, see Life and Letters II, 311.
4. "The Theory of Development in Nature," Br. for. med.-chir. Rev., 25 (1860): 367-404.
5. "Professor Sedgwick on Darwin's Theory," Cambridge Chronicle and University Journal, Isle of Ely Herald, and Huntingdonshire Gazette, May 19, 1860, pp. 3-4. See also: More Letters, I, 149n; and Darwin and Henslow, 203-07 (letters 111-114).

214. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860 June] 1st Friday night [wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 6p. B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 314-16. At beginning of letter is: has sent for H[enry] Holland to aid local doctor in treatment of Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter], whose fever is nearly five weeks old; has sent A[ndrew] Murray's reviews, containing "weak" speculations;1 has not misrepresented [Jörgen Christian] Schiödte.2 p. 315, line 5, change "....I have" to "I have ordered the Future,3 & have". At end of letter is: sends Asa Gray's letter, despite its insignificance; never attended to gestation of dogs because domestic gestation periods are so variable, but has now begun inquiries; greyhound stud observed for CD had yielded periods of 60 or 61 to 65 or 66 days; lowness of rodents does not decrease fertility of hybrids, since even algae are subject to same laws as higher animals.

Note: 1. Francis Darwin claims that there were two Murray reviews in the same place (Life and Letters II, 261n). I could find only one, as follows: Proc. R. Soc. Edinb., 4 (1857-1862): 274-91.
2. See Darwin, Origin (1859), 138.
3. See Future: A Journal of Philosophical Research and Criticism, 1 (1860).

215. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860] June 6 [wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 8p. B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 317-19. At beginning of letter is: Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter] is still ill; H[enry] Holland saw her on Sunday [June 3] and predicted long recovery; [Samuel] Haughton's review in "Dublin Mag. of Nat. Hist."1 is "more coarsely contemptuous" than that of [John] Dunns [sic: Duns] in N. Br. Rev. [see CD to Lyell, May 22, 1860, above]; Haughton's "ignoring in his remarks on Bees' cells the almost exactly intermediate comb of Melipona" is unfair. p. 317, line 1, missing name is "[Haughton]". p. 317, line 18, add: "or Quinarianism." p. 318, line 18, add: "& likewise (if you can spare) [Edward William] Binney on Coal2 & [Herman] Schaafhausen or some such name on Natural Selection [see CD to Lyell, May 18, 1860, above]." p. 318, bottom line, add: in Darwin, Origin [(1859), 137], attributed blindness of cave animals exclusively to disuse, not selections of chance varieties, but was hasty about insects, overlooking bearing of fact that blind genus Adelops lives under moss out of caves; possibly also genus Anophthalmus (a "Carabidous" beetle) was blind and "extra-cavernal"; "It seems not unlikely that a blind insect would be less inconvenienced in dark cave than other insects, & would become tenant"; several passages in review by [Andrew] Murray [see previous letter, above] were unclear. p. 319, line 4, add: "[Dominique Alexandre] Godron puts well [see CD to Lyell, May 18, 1860, above] the little effect of climate, which...becomes stronger...on my mind. I do not say confidently food."

Note: 1. "On the Form of the Cells Made by Various Wasps, and by the Honey Bee; With an Appendix on the Origin of Species," Proc. nat. Hist. Soc. Dubl., 3 (1859-1862); 128-40.
2. "Sketch of the Drift Deposits of Manchester and Its Neighbourhood," Mem. Manchr. lit. phil. Soc., 8 (1848): 195-234. See also: Leonard G. Wilson, ed., Sir Charles Lyell's Scientific Journals on the Species Question (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1970), 404 and 480.

216. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860 June] 14th [wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 5p. and 1p. enc. @ 4.5 x7.25 (other enclosures wanting) B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 319-20. At beginning of letter is: Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield] is in slightly worse health; CD cannot walk; sends extract of letter from [Edward] Blyth, who is grateful to Lyell for help concerning Chinese expedition;1 encloses letter from [William] Hopkins; fancies Hopkins is "horrified about man; I have told him that I thought man must be included under same category with animals"; returns four pamphlets; does not see much in Binney [see previous letter, above]. p. 319, line 5, add: "It is no wonder [Jean Louis Rodolphe] Agassiz denies varieties in animals, when he calls even the same forms in two distinct countries, two Species." At end of letter is: after much puzzling, does not know what A[ndrew] Murray meant [see CD to Lyell, June 1, 1860, above] by "Agassiz & ab ovo". End. reads: Blyth says there is account of flint tools found in ice in [Elizabeth Juliana Leeves] Sabine's translation of [Ferdinand Petrovich, Baron von] Wrangell's [i.e. Vrangel's] Voyage2 on page 117 of introduction; this find relates to issues like mastodon found in ice, and is worth checking; Blyth thinks Eskimos, when first discovered, had no iron tools, and he refers to essay3 by J[ohn] Richardson.

Note: 1. See the following letters, all abstracted above: CD to W. H. Sykes, December 20, 1859; CD to Lyell, December 29, 1859; and CD to Lyell, late March-early April, 1860. See also Loren C. Eiseley, "Charles Darwin, Edward Blyth, and the Theory of Natural Selection," Proc. Am. phil. Soc., 103 (1959): 154-55.
2. Narrative of an Expedition to the Polar Sea..., tr.... by Mrs. Sabine, ed. by E. Sabine (London: J. Madden and Co., 1840).
3. "Esquimaux: Their Geographical Distribution," Edinb. new phil. J., 52 (1852), 322-23.

217. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860] June 17th [wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 4p. B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: More Letters, I, 154 (letter 105). line 24, add: Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield] is slightly better in health, has been ill for exactly seven weeks.

218. To [Thomas Campbell] EYTON; Down (type 2) [1860]1 June 18 [?wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 1p. B EY83

Please send to CD any authentic cases of duration of gestation in dogs; hounds, otter-hounds, or any breed will be acceptable.

Note: 1. Portion of a watermark on this letter appears to be 1860. Also, dimensions of stationery and Down address used fit a dating of 1860. Finally, CD was studying gestation of dogs for the first time in June, 1860; see CD to Charles Lyell, June 1, 1860, above.

219. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860 June] 20th [wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 4p. B D25.L

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 155-56 (letter 106). p. 155, line 8, change "surely we" to "surely as we".

220. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860 June] 25th [wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 4p. (enclosures wanting) B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 155n. At beginning of letter is: encloses authentic arrowheads, with note describing location of discovery, which were sent to CD by Mrs. Moir, mother-in-law of Col. Erskine.1 line 4, questionable word is definitely "record". At end of letter is: because of bad stomach, will give up, reluctantly, his plans to attend [B.A.A.S. meeting at] Oxford [June 27-July 4]; will leave Thursday [June 28] for one week of water cure at Dr. [Richard James] Lane's, Sudbrook Park, Richmond, Surrey; will not stay longer because Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter], while better, is still ill; thanks for letter just received; returns unimpressive letter from [John William] Dawson;2 wishes to borrow Dawson's review [of Darwin, Origin (1859)]; on Dawson's letter, it "would be insanity to compare evidence of organic change with geological change, at present, as far as strength of evidence goes. But what inches of elevation on coast of Sweden are to great mountains so are the numerous varieties & endless doubts what to call species & what varieties, to undoubted species. I entirely deny that there is no evidence of change. But time alone will bring naturalists round, when they find that they can explain many facts on such views as mine, & cannot on view of creation."

Note: 1. See CD to Lyell, May 4, 1860, above.
2. For Lyell's comments on Dawson's letter, see Leonard G. Wilson, ed., Sir Charles Lyell's Scientific Journals on the Species Question (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1970), 457-58.

221. To [Charles] LYELL; Sudbrook Park/ Richmond [1860 July] 5th. Thursday [wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 4p., plus 1p. fragment of AD by Lyell @ 6 x5 Fragment removed + Carroll no. 172 B D25.L

Thanks for note; glad Lyell is going to Amiens; while there, please explain high and low dispersion of flint gravel; also glad Lyell to investigate post-glacial period; Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter] moved to Hartfield on Tuesday; leaves on Saturday; glad CD did not attempt [B.A.A.S. meeting at] Oxford; "[Thomas Henry] Huxley, [Joseph Dalton] Hooker & J[ohn] Lubbock (as I am pleased to hear) seem to have stuck up for modification of Species like Trojans"; Asa Gray also goes on fighting for CD's theory;1 thinks "we shall in long run conquer"; likes [article by William] Hopkins in Fraser's Magazine,2 but regrets "soul-discussion"; difficulties alone "make a very damaging review"; Lyell's facts convinced CD for first time that hare-rabbits are hybrids; could not confirm this before.3 Enc. is entitled "C. Darwin/ On Species & Creation" and is merely a list of such headings as "Bermuda & Madeira Birds why like Continental--" and "Primrose & cowslip".

Note: 1.?See Historical Records Survey, Division of Professional and Service Projects, Works Projects Administration, Calendar of the Letters of Charles Robert Darwin to Asa Gray (Boston: Historical Records Survey, 1939; reprinted Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, Inc., 1973), 27-28.
2. "Physical Theories of the Phenomena of Life," 61 (1860): 739-52; and 62 (1860): 74-90.
3. See: CD to Lyell, May 18, 1860, above; CD to Lyell, May 22, 1860, above; and Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 105 and 105n.

222. To [Charles] LYELL; Hartfield [1860] July 30th ALS; 10.5 x8.25 2p. B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 327-28. At beginning of letter is: have been at Hartfield three weeks because Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter] is still ill; return home in few days [August 2]; H[enry] Holland saw Etty few days ago, predicted long recovery; has seen no one except [Joseph Dalton] Hooker for hour or two at Kew. p. 327, line 9, add: "considering [Richard] Owen's aid [by the way it seems generally admitted that Huxley smashed Owen at Oxford]1 [CD brackets]; it quizzes me really in capital style". p. 328, line 3, missing name is "Owen". p. 328, line 5, add: "Owen is really wonderfully clever in his malevolence."

Note: 1. Reference is to Thomas Henry Huxley at the B.A.A.S. meeting at Oxford from June 27 to July 4, 1860.

223. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860] August 11th ALS; 10.5 x8.25 4p. B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 331-32. At beginning of letter is: thanks for letter; have been home about a week; Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter] improving, but anxiety over her has interrupted CD's work. p. 331, line 11, missing name is [Richard] Owen. p. 331, line 14, add: A[sa] Gray "argued capitally" for CD at second discussion [of natural selection] before American Academy [of Arts and Sciences]; Owen sent copy of "one of his Reports, so he does not wish to come to quarrel with me." p. 331, line 20, add: Rudolf Wagner has published in Germany an abstract of [Jean Louis Rodolphe] Agassiz, [An] Essay on Classification [London: Longman & Co., 1859] in relation to `Darwin ansichten' and concludes that truth lies between CD and Agassiz, which "will make Agassiz savage"; [Thomas Henry] Huxley says [Karl Ernst Ritter] Von [sic; von] Baer [Edler von Huthorn] "goes a long way with us,...has spoken publicly &...will perhaps publish on subject." p. 331, line 24, add: there is a very good, geological, favorable third article [on natural selection] in London [Quarterly and Holborn] Review, author unknown. p. 332, line 7, add: Mrs. [Frances Harriet Henslow] H[ooker] and baby [Brian Harvey Hodgson Hooker] are at Worthing; latter is ill.

224. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860] Aug 28th ALS; 10.5 x8.25 2p. B D25.L

While in London lately, heard that Sir G[eorge] Grey found his wife [Harriet Spencer Grey] in bed with "Capt. Keppell"; saw [Hugh] Falconer, who spoke of "tiny new species of Elephant from Malta"; Asa Gray's review [i.e. part two of "Darwin on the Origin of Species"] in August Atlantic Monthly [6 (1860): 229-39] is excellent, argumentative;1 Gray is "a first rate arguer" who "most completely understands the subject"; CD has been abused in Catholic journal; glad that "Rajah Sir J[ames] Brook" is well again; work going well, today finished dogs;2 still believes dogs descended from "several wild stocks"; sent Athenaeum and Quarterly Review.

Note: 1. For a recent reprint and a full publication history of this review, see Asa Gray, Darwiniana..., ed. A. Hunter Dupree (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1963), 72n and 85-105.
2. Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 15-43.

225. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860] Sept. 1. ALS; 10.5 x8.25 4p. B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: Life and Letters II, 334-37. p. 336, line 22, after "applies", add "perhaps". p. 336, line 29, change "clear" to "close".

226. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860] Sept. 12th ALS; 10.5 x8.25 4p. B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 339-41. p. 339, line 5, add: "Even if his mind had not been full of [thoughts about his trip to] Syria he could never have conjectured your precise line of thought." p. 340, line 13, add: cannot estimate number of species " `extinguished in a given time' "; passages on pages 168 and 313 [of Darwin, Origin (1859) or (1860)] are not contradictory, because "Mere variability & variability taken advantage of & selected are widely different considerations"; gives example of rudimentary organs; has not been guarded enough in claim that Ammonites became extinct relatively suddenly compared to other families [see Origin, 321-22]; has alluded to much extinction and modification in great intervals between formations; thinks it striking that in southern Chile near Concepcion, there are apparently Tertiary beds with Ammonites and Baculites. p. 341, line 7, add: Darwins go to sea [Eastbourne] in about a week [Sept. 22].1

Note: 1. For Lyell's letters to CD during this period, see Leonard G. Wilson, ed., Sir Charles Lyell's Scientific Journals on the Species Question (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1970), 467-69, 472-77.

227. To [Charles] LYELL; 15 Marine Parade/ Eastbourne [1860 September] 23d Sunday ALS; 8.25 x6.5 10p. and 2 sketches B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 341-44. p. 341, line 6, add: has sent review by A[sa] Gray;1 as Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. has printed [Jean Louis Rodolphe] Agassiz's article,2 will ask its editor [William Jardine] in fairness to reprint Gray at CD's expense and with Gray's name attached; Gray's review good because it gives so much of [Francois Jules] Pictet [de la Rive]; "The Annals, I fear, have very small circulation"; misunderstood Lyell on types; mentions health of Etty [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter] and death of the [Thomas Henry] Huxleys's son [Noel Huxley]. p. 342, lines 12 to 14, add in left margin: "[Richard] Owen if he chose to attend to such view could work this out." p. 342, line 20, add: was silent because unsure that there was fossil rodent in Australia, but thought not; as to Australia's especial suitability for marsupials, "I have always thought it a gigantic hallucination of Owen.--not to mention Rodents"; dingo was wild long before South Australian volcanic outburst, and there are many marsupial species in Brazil; also, New Guinea, although humid, is tenanted by marsupials as exclusively as Australia; despite antiquity of dingo (referred to in dog MS3), thinks dingo introduced by man, and if so, this bears on antiquity of man; if dingo existed outside Australia then it is not aboriginal in Australia; [René Primevère] Lesson says same about dog of New Ireland, but Lesson not to be trusted; likes case of tree stump living by natural grafting of roots, wants reference on it; thinks case confined to Coniferae.4 p. 342, line 27, add: [Jean Louis Rodolphe] Agassiz's remark in [Josiah Clark] Nott and [George Robins] Gliddon5 on coincidence of color alone being a fleeting character "does not go for much in his comparison of man & anthropoid apes."

Note: 1. See CD to Lyell, August 28, 1860, above.
2. "Prof. Agassiz on the Origin of Species," Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 6 (1860): 219-32.
3. Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 15-43, in manuscript.
4. See also Leonard G. Wilson, ed., Sir Charles Lyell's Scientific Journals on the Species Question (New Haven; Yale Univ. Press, 1970), 476.
5. Louis Agassiz, "Sketch of the Natural Provinces of the Animal World and Their Relation to the Different Types of Man," in J. C. Nott and G. R. Gliddon, Types of Mankind; Or Ethnological Researches... (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1854), lxxv.

228. To [Charles] LYELL; 15 Marine Parade/ Eastbourne [1860 September] 26th [wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 8p. B D25.L

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 167-69 (letter 112).

229. To [Charles] LYELL; 15. Marine Parade/ Eastbourne [1860 September] 28 Friday Evening [wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 8p. (slightly mutilated) B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 345-46. At beginning of letter is: mentions Lyell's letter; extinction of Ammonites is "a most singular fact" despite what Lyell says about great breaks in upper chalk; Lyell may obtain Atlantic Monthly at Trubners. p. 345, line 6, add: "but in very difficult points, &". p. 346, line 2, add: has asked A[sa] Gray where [Karl Ernst Ritter] Von [sic; von] Baer [Edler von Huthorn] makes statement about guinea pig, which is worthless unless there is new evidence about wild parent; denies that aperea of La Plata and southern Brazil is the wild parent stock; guinea pig was domesticated when America was discovered; von Baer has read [Darwin, Origin (1859)] approvingly; would keep [?i.e. breed] hybrid hare-rabbit himself, but still would not have evidence of hybridity of any specimens obtained from France; [Abraham Dee] Bartlett is correct to try to cross wild hare and rabbit, but he should try several races of rabbit.

230. To [Charles] LYELL; 15 Marine Parade/ Eastbourne [1860] Oct. 3d [wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 11p. B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 169-72 (letter 113). p. 169, line 1, add: "The Dog MS is safe at Down." p. 171, line 37, add: Lyell's remarks on Ammonites, cuttlefish, and Hippurites are interesting;1 will think about keeping the rabbits; Isidore G[eoffroy] S[ain]t Hilaire, of whom CD has very good opinion, only knows the case second hand; [Richard] Owen "sneers at [Geoffroy Saint Hillaire]; & I daresay he [?] is not [to] be trusted on Homologies";2 do not trust Sclagenweit [i.e. Hermann Rudolf Alfred von Schlagintweit-Sakünlünski and Robert von Schlagintweit] about yaks;3 "there are many reputed species (laying on one side question of fertility) not so distinct as negro & white man."

Note: 1. See Leonard G. Wilson, ed., Sir Charles Lyell's Scientific Journals on the Species Question (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1970), 497.
2. For Geoffroy Saint Hilaire on homologies, see Stauffer, ed., CD's Nat. Selection, 298 and 298n.
3. Hermann and Robert Schlagintweit, "Notes on Some of the Animals of Tibet and India," Rep. Br. Ass. Advmnt Sci., 27 (1857), pt. 2: 106-08. See also Stauffer, ed., CD's Nat. Selection, 438 and 438n.

231. To [Charles] LYELL; 15 Marine Parade/ Eastbourne [1860 October] 5th Friday [wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 6p. B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 172 (letter 114). line 8, change "creative" to "creation". At end of letter is: bats are "washed out of my head"; species in Madeira, collected by Mr. Mason [?], are European; does not remember about Palma specimens, given to [Robert Fisher] Tomes of Welford; did not get Azores species; "I had heard nothing of the sales of `Origin' [i.e. Darwin, Origin] for months, & am much pleased to hear that the sale continues; this surprises me"; has not received second Atnaltic article,1 meant for [Francois Jules] Pictet [de la Rive]; has not received theological dialogue;2 [Hugh] Falconer, who is only man who has facts correct, is critical of Isidore Geoffroy [Saint Hilaire]; will check on St. Helena concerning [? Geoffroy St. Hilaire's] conjecture about number of plants exterminated; St. Helena was woody in late periods; see Darwin, Journal of Researches; is "wasting time shamefully" on Drosera experiments which are "perverse & crooked"; Etty [i.e. Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter] is gaining strength; [Heinrich Georg] Bronn has appended chapter of objections at end of translation;3 Miss Ludwig has translated it for CD.

Note: 1. Asa Gray, "Darwin on the Origin of Species [Part II]," Atlantic Monthly, 6 (1860): 229-39. See CD to Lyell, Aug. 28, 1860, above.
2. "Discussion between Two Readers of Darwin's Treatise on the Origin of Species, upon Its Natural Theology," Am. J. Sci. (Silliman's J.), 30 (1860): 226-39.
3. Darwin, Über die Entstehung der Arten... [German Origin], tr. into German by H. G. Bronn (Stuttgart; Schweizerbart'sche Verlag, 1860).

232. To [Charles] LYELL; 15 Marine Parade/ Eastbourne [1860] Oct 8. [wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 6p. and 1p. enc. [broadside advertisement for C. R. Bree, Species Not Transmutable,... (London: Groombridge and Sons, 1860)], @ 7.5 x5 B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 346-47. p. 347, line 19, add: has written to Down about missing reviews [see preceding letter, above]; believes southeast and southwest corners of Australia were islands, with latter older and more typical; [Joseph Dalton] Hooker has speculated on this in Introduction;1 so have [Joseph Beete] Jukes and CD himself in review2 of [George Robert] Waterhouse's [A Natural History of the] Mammalia [2v. (London: H. Ballière, 1846-1848)]; in Saturday's Athenaeum, Jukes answered capitally Sir [Henry] James's "wild speculations" on change of earth's axis.3 p. 347, line 24, add: Miss L[udwig] says [Heinrich Georg] Bronn is very difficult German [see preceding letter, above]; has not heard of Bovey Coal Plants;4 hopes [Charles James Fox] Bunbury will undertake them and that Bunbury's new position will not interfere with his science; does not know [Charles Robert] Bree, perhaps the son of Rev[eren]d [William Thomas] Bree, "a good miscellaneous observer of habits of all creatures...& Botanist."

Note: 1. See CD to Lyell, Sept. 2, 1859, above, esp. my note 2.
2. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 19 (1847): 53-56, esp. top of 56.
3. See More Letters, II, 140n.
4. See Life of Lyell, II, 346-47 and 349-50.

233. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860] Nov. 20 ALS; 8.25 x6.5 4p. and 4p. enc. B D25.L

First portion printed, with minor changes and minor omissions; More Letters, I, 461 (letter 351). At end of this portion is: Lyell's chapters must be difficult but are worth much labor; fears that Lyell's volume on geological history of man [i.e. The Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man (London: John Murray, 1863)] "will slip through your fingers"; does not think [Joseph Dalton] Hooker has criticized [Edward] Forbes; H[ewett] C[ottrell] Watson has abused Forbes in Cybele [Britannica; Or, British Plants and Their Geographical Relations, 4v. (London: Longman & Co., 1847-1852), I, 465-72], but it is not well done. Next portion and enclosure printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: Life and Letters II, 349-51. p. 350, after signature, add: Etty [i.e. Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter] goes on well, but is weak. p. 350, right column of enclosure, line 3, change "alludes to" to "attacks".

234. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860] Nov. 24th [wmk. 1859] ALS; 4p. @ 8 x5, 2p. @ 8 3/4 x5.5 6p. B D25.L

First portion printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: Life and Letters II, 352, lines 1 to 10.
Next portion printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: Life and Letters III, 319-20. At end of this portion is: Etty [i.e. Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield, CD's daughter] goes on well, but doctors say rapid progress is impossible; Drosera and dreadful illness for last six months has made progress on CD's larger book "almost nothing".
Next portion printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 352-53, beginning where first portion ended. p. 352, line 4 of this portion, missing name is "[Richard] Owen".

235. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860] Nov. 25th ALS; 8.25 x6.5 6p. B D25.L

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 137-40 (letter 491). p. 139, line 29, change "the great" to "that great [an]".

236. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1860] Dec. 4th ALS; 8 x6.5 5p. B D25.L

First portion printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: More Letters, II, 140-41 (letter 492). p. 141, line 10, add: "How far to lump & split species is indeed a hopeless problem. It must in the end, I think, be determined by mere convenience." At end of this portion is: glad to hear that Lyell continues to "stir them up" at Zoolog[ical] Soc[iety of London].
Next portion printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: Life and Letters II, 352n. At end of this portion is: there is an article1 on Darwin, Origin, in Macmillan's Magazine; has not yet read [John] Phillips, [Life on the Earth, Its Origin and Succession (Cambridge: Macmillan and Co., 1860)].

Note: 1. Henry Fawcett, "A Popular Exposition of Mr. Darwin on the Origin of Species," 3 (December, 1860): 81-92. For a recent reprinting, see David L. Hull, Darwin and His Critics: The Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by the Scientific Community (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1973), 277-90. See also Life and Letters II, 299.

237. To?; Down (type 2) To: Edward Walford [Jan-Apr. 1865]1 22d [wmk. 1860] ALS; 7.5 x5; 2p. B D25.69

Would be proud to be one of their series [?of photographs of famous persons], but cannot spare time for special trip to London and is not likely to be there on business soon; will call on Mr. Edwards during the summer, when next in London.

Note: 1. Watermark sets lower endpoint for date. Type of Down address employed was last used in 1861, which sets upper endpoint.

238. To Ch[arles] LYELL; no location [1861] Feb. 2d [end. Febry 3d. 1861; pmk. FE 3/ 61] ALS; 8 x6.5 2p. and env., add. [Sir Ch. Lyell/ 53. Harley St/ London (W.)], end. [C. Darwin/ Febry 3d. 1861; C. Darwin/ Feb. 1861/ Agassiz &/ Bowen/ (unintelligible word--PTC)] B D25.L

Printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 359-60. p. 359, line 6, change "the lengths" to "the very absurd lengths". p. 359, line 13, change "[Jean Louis Rodolphe] Agassiz admits" to "Agassiz (foolish man) admits". At end of letter is: "I sent Calcutta Review a couple of days ago."1

Note: 1. [Edward Blyth], "[Review of] On the Origin of Species," Calcutta Review, 35 (1860): 64-88. See also Vorzimmer, Reprint Catalogue, item R.61.

239. To [Philip Lutley] SCLATER; Down (type 2) [1861] March 4th [end. March 1861; wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x4 3/4; 2p., end. [C. Darwin/ March 1861] B D25.S

Is working on skeletons of rabbits; wants from [Zoological] Gardens [of Zoological Society of London] one of the two Russian rabbit bucks donated by CD; will skeletonize it, and does not want skull damaged; has signed Sclater's certificate [for membership] at Royal Soc[iety of London]; would like to see a recent paper on skeleton of hybrid hare-rabbit, if Sclater has spare proof of same.1

Note: 1. Probably Edwards Crisp, "On Some Points Relating to the Habits and Anatomy of the Oceanic and of the Freshwater Ducks, and also of the Hare (Lepus timidus) and of the Rabbit (L. cuniculus), in Relation to the Question of Hybridism," Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 1861: 82-87. Read on February 26, 1861. See also Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 126n.

240. To [Philip Lutley] SCLATER; Down (type 2) [1861 March] 12th [end. March 1861; wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 2p., end. [C. Darwin/ March 1861] B D25.S

Thanks for rabbit [see previous letter, above]; glad Sclater likes Asa Gray,1 which CD incorrectly thought he himself had sent to Sclater; will soon receive corrected Darwin, Origin [(1861)], which [John] Murray will soon distribute; glad Sclater has "become `heretical' on species"; was not surprised that Sclater was initially opposed to CD; "I cannot...respect anyone who has knowledge & can change his opinion suddenly on such a point"; please publish "a word on our side", as "those opposed write vehemently & those on our side are silent"; day before yesterday, had letter from "a Professor,2 who dares not speak out."

Note: 1. Probably Gray, Natural Selection not Inconsistent with Natural Theology: A Free Examination of Darwin's Treatise on the Origin of Species, and of Its American Reviewers... (London: Trübner, 1861). See Life and Letters. II, 370-71. For a recent reprint of this three-part review, see Gray, Darwiniana..., ed. A. Hunter Dupree (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1963), 72-145.
2. Perhaps George Bentham; see Life and Letters. II, 292 and 292n.

241. To [Philip Lutley] SCLATER; Down (type 2) [1861] March 23d [end. March. 1861; wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 4p., end. [C. Darwin/ March. 1861/ about Birds] B D25.S

Thanks for note; had not heard of Sclater's paper at Oxford;1 could one conclude from known distribution of Gallinaceae that probability that a species of genus Gallus is endemic to South America is as low as that of endemic hummingbird from Old World; is it true that no species of Gallus is known in Africa and that probably no Gallus species wandered far from the metropolis of the genus in India and northern Malay Islands; where in Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. is described the Gallus Temminckii of G[eorge] R[obert] Gray?2

Note: 1. "Remarks on the Geographical Distribution of Recent Terrestrial Vertebrata," Rep. Br. Ass. Advmnt Sci., 30 (1860), pt. 2: 121-22. The B.A.A.S. met at Oxford in 1860.
2. "Notice of Two Examples of the Genus Gallus," 17 (1849): 62-63.

242. To?; Down (type 2) [?1861]1 March 26th [wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 1p. B D25.63

Thanks for corr.'s volume on old bones and for compliments.

Note: 1. Apparently the combination of Down address variant used in this letter and a watermark of 1860 is unique to the period mid-1860 to mid-1861.

243. To?; Down (type 2) [?1861]1 Ap. 1 [wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 2p., end. [Chas. Darwin F.R.S./ Author of/ `Origin of Species'] B D25.206

Always thought corr. had many primroses; sorry for trouble; sends flowers; thanks for information about Oxalis; will repay corr. for Cypripedium and Dionaeas at one time.

Note: 1. Combination of Down address variant used with watermark provided year.

244. To Charles LYELL; Down (type 2) [1861] Ap. 12th [end. Apr. 13/ 1861; pmk. AP 13/ 61; wmk. 1859] ALS; 8 x5; 6p. and env., add. [Sir Charles Lyell/ 53. Harley St/ London (W.)], end. [C. Darwin/ Apr. 13/ 1861/ Somme valley beds/ whether preglacial/ Ants in Texas planting] B D25.L

Printed in full, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 364-65.

245. To [Philip Lutley] SCLATER; Down (type 2) [1861 April] 21. [end. April 1861; wmk. 1859] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 3p. and end. [5642/ C. Darwin/ April 1861/ on Birds of/ S. America] B D25.S

Enjoyed talk with Sclater; as Sclater is working at birds of S[outh] America, check CD's reference to three species of Opetiorhynchus in Darwin, Zoolog [y of the Voyage] of the Beagle [(1838-1843), pt. 3], Birds [by John Gould], p. 67, to confirm comments on observed differences in habits of species; do similarly for Scytalopus, p. 74; has made "horrid mistake" on O[rpheus] parvulus [pp. 63-64 and 67], a temporary name for a form of O[petiorhynchus] Patagonicus [p. 67]; Capt[ain C. C.] Abbot confounded O[petiorhynchus] vulgaris and antarcticus, which CD simultaneously observed and recorded to be closely similar except in habits;1 Opetiorhynchus [Patagonicus, pp. 67-68] from Chiloe seems to be a case of intermediate variety.

Note: 1. Abbot, "Notes on the Birds of the Falkland Islands," Ibis, 3 (1861): 149-67; and Darwin, Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle (1838-1843), Pt. 3: Birds, by John Gould, 66-68 and 149-50. The Abbot article is incorrectly attributed to the American, Charles Conrad Abbot, in Cat. scient. Pap., 1, 3.

246. To [Philip Lutley] SCLATER; Down (type 4) [1861] May 4th [end. May 1861] ALS; 8 x5; 5p., end. [C. Darwin/ May 1861] B D25.S

Thanks for note with offer to insert in Ibis a notice by CD on habitats of Falkland birds; cannot write such notice, since CD's catalogs and notes prepared on the spot refer only to specimen number, not genus and species; wrote to [George Robert] Gray and [John] Gould, but could not find original specimen, as specimens [from Beagle voyage] were given to Zoological Society [of London] and distributed; "A false habitat is a positive mischief, worse than a species not appearing in a list", so after "careful work" by Capt[ain C. C.] Abbott [sic; Abbot], better to consider the two names errors than to give them without evidence; received letter from [Robert] Swinhoe announcing delivery to Sclater of a new rock pigeon and a wild Anser cygnoides, but CD must check these claims when next in London; perhaps pigeon is Himalayan rock pigeon.1

Note: 1. For more on this letter, see the preceding letter above, and Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 237.

247. To [Thomas Campbell] EYTON: Down (type 4) [?1861]1 May 5 ALS; 8 x5; 2p. B EY83

Has received skeletons; needs name for untagged domestic cock in longest of four boxes received; is the "`Gungla' cock" a specimen of G[allus] bankiva or G[allus] Sonneratii;2 other boxes contain the Hamburg and the call duck; is ill.3

Note: 1. CD studied the osteology of fowls and ducks in May, 1861; see "Darwin's Journal," 15.
2. "Gungla" may be a derivative of the Indian (hindu) "gunga", or "market".
3. See Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 260-70.

248. To [Thomas Campbell] EYTON; Down (type 4) [?1861]1 May 6th ALS; 8 x5; 5p. B EY83

Thanks for prompt reply; without doubt, the [untagged] skeleton was duckwing game and the wild Gallus [i.e. the Gungla cock] was G[allus] bankiva, since every bone agrees; has two skeletons of Dorking, so send neither one of these nor G[allus] varius; do not send mounted skeletons; has examined 25 skeletons and about 55 skulls; skulls show only "differences characteristic of the breeds", but other bones show "much fluctuating variability"; thinks skeletons of various species of the same restricted genus or sub-genus differ only slightly; wants to quote Eyton's view that, in allied species, while there are plain differences in some parts of skeleton besides head, bones in wings and legs of all breeds are similar in configuration but not in length and thickness; will keep duck specimen [i.e. call duok; see previous letter] until CD gets to ducks in "a few weeks"; do birds with large topknot, such as curassows, have [skull] protuberances to support the topknot?2

Note: 1. CD worked upon fowls and ducks in May, 1861, finishing ducks on May 31; see "Darwin's Journal," 15.
2. For more on this matter, see: preceding letter; and Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 260-70, and II, 332-33.

249. To [Thomas Campbell] EYTON; Down (type 4) [?1861]1 May 14th ALS; 8 x5; 3p. B EY83

Thanks for invitation to London and to [town of] Eyton; wanted to visit London for two reasons, but is too ill; if ever visiting Shrewsbury again, will visit Eyton; answer briefly whether skeletons, except skulls, of birds of same restricted genus "do not generally very closely resemble each other", whether wing and leg bones are "generally very constant in form", and "whether in largely crested Gallinaceae the skull is protuberant to support the crest."

Note: 1. This letter clearly follows shortly after the preceding letter, above.

250. To James HUNT; Down (type 4) [1861] May 28th [pmk. MY28/ 61] ALS; 8 x5, 2p. and env., add. [James Hunt Esqr/ Hon. Sec. Ethnological Socy/ 4 St. Martins Place [London (W.C.)], end. [Darwin's/ Envelope] B D25.33

Thanks to president and council of Ethnological Society for electing CD an honorary fellow; thanks for gift of first volume of Society's Transactions; thanks personally to Hunt for kind words in letter.

251. To?; Down (type 4) 1861 June 1st ALS; 8 x5; 6p. B D25.19

Will value information, but do not hurry with it; unclear whether corr. is thinking of "a general course of scientific experiments in crossing or only in relation to Hollyhocks"; there is open field for "research in regard to crossing varieties which have been greatly neglected under a scientific point of view, though largely & loosely practised by gardeners. Species on the other [hand] have been largely experimented on. As you have lived so much abroad, German is probably quite familiar to you (I wish it were to me) & I would most strongly advise you to get [Karl Friedrich von] Gärtner [']s admirable `Versuche ueber die Bastardzeugung, 1849'1 & study it"; suggests in minute detail some crossing experiments with differently-colored hollyhocks which breed true; experiment outlined by CD would be "very interesting on account of a wonderful statement on this head by Gärtner with respect to crossing white & yellow Verbascum"; would suggest further experiments with Pelargonium, but must not run on.

Note: 1. Versuche und Beobachtungen über die Bastarderzeugung im Pflanzenreich (Stuttgart: K.F. Hering, 1849).

252. To [Philip Lutley] SCLATER; Down (type 4) [1861] June 2d [end. June 1861] ALS; 8 x5; 3p. and end. [5376/ C. Darwin/ June 1861/ abt Rabbits] B D25.S

Has sent two rabbits from P[orto] Santo to the [Zoological] Gardens [of the Zoological Society of London] for temporary safekeeping; if they are like one brought by [Thomas Vernon] Wollaston in spirits, then they are curiosities, having been feral for 450 years and springing from one doe brought [to island] by [Joâo Gonçalvez] Zarco; specimen CD examined differed from common rabbit in skull, shape of dorsal vertebrae, in size greatly, in coloring, in color of upper part of tail, and in ears not being edged in black; thinks this may be "a new species!!"; must get rid of rabbits because whole household leaves for a two month stay at Torquay, probably beginning the 10th, because of illness of daughter [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield]; care for rabbits, interbreed them or cross them with other rabbits, and find out what [Abraham Dee] Bartlett [superintendent of Gardens] thinks of them; if one or both die while CD is away, send fresh carcasses to CD in Torquay.1

Note: 1. For more on the rabbits, see Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 112-15. The visit to Torquay lasted from July 1 to August 27; see "Darwin's Journal," 15.

253. From Rich[ar]d OWEN; British Museum 1861 June 12 ALS; 7.25 x4.5 2p. (enclosure wanting) B OW2.14

Enclosed proof of note which CD will insert in his forthcoming " `Reply' " is "a correct statement of the relations of the passage I have printed on the use & meaning of the term `Creation', as used by Naturalists in some of their discussions, to the partial quotation from it in Prof. Baden Powell's Essay."

254. To [Rev. B. S. MALDEN of Canterbury]2; Down (type 4) [1861]1 June 15-16 ALS; 8 x5; 4p. B D25.81

Thanks for orchids; felt "boyish delight" at H[abenaria] viridis, but it is not a Habenaria; has now seen "every British Orchid...except the Lizard [Orchis hircina]", which CD hopes to get from corr. or from [G. Chichester] Oxenden; will begin soon to write paper [i.e. Darwin, Fertilisation of Orchids (1862)]; glad to see Aceras specimens, but they did not have the monstrous flowers; five of six specimens from Oxenden had such flowers; old specimen of O[rchis] fusca, like Oxenden's specimens, showed infertility caused by infrequency of insect visits; [in left margin--PTC] look for monstrous flowers on Aceras; [in right margin--PTC] monstrous flowers illustrate structure of Habenaria; knows "little of Botany", but thinks unspotted purple orchids with hollow stems are O[rchis] latifolia (which CD once saw) and white ones are O[rchis] maculata; glad to see state of pollen masses on corr.'s Canterbury Fly Ophrys [i.e. Ophry muscifera]; look at pollen masses on Bee O[phrys, i.e. Ophrys apifera] and especially on its variety, [Ophrys] arachnites, to see if the masses are either removed or simply fallen on own stigmas in oldish flowers; return slip from G[ardeners'] Chronicle; "June 16th P.S.", thanks for note; part about Lizard shall be kept private; thought O[rchis] militaris was same as O[rchis] fusca.

Note: 1. This year is written in an ink similar to that used by CD, but is apparently not in CD's hand.
2. See Darwin, Fertilisation of Orchids (1862), 43 and 78. Malden is the only person acknowledged by Darwin to have provided specimens of the Frog Orchis (i.e. Peristylus viridis or Habenaria viridis).

255. To [?F. SMITH, of the British Museum]2; Down (type 4) [1861]1 June 19th Wednesday ALS; 8 x5; 3p. B D25.231

Pollen masses attached to [specimen of] Bombus hortorum [i.e. common bumblebee] are not from British orchid, but are from an exotic orchid of the group Epidendreae; suspects bee was caught near a hothouse; fears that corr. does not have "one of the sand-wasps with pollen-masses attached [?which you] alluded to [sic]", otherwise CD would have liked to have seen it; could easily ascertain whether the [leaf?] on the S[outh] American wasp was pollen; supposes insects in corr.'s own collection do not have pollen masses attached; ask Mr. Walker [?about pollen on his insects].

Note: 1. Year determined from variant of Down address used, day of "Wednesday" for June 19, and information in Darwin, Fertilisation of Orchids (1862), 164.
2. Correspondent is probably either Smith or Sir W. C. Trevelyan; see Darwin, Fertilisation of Orchids (1862), 164 and in index under "Smith, Mr. F". Smith was selected because CD's mention of corr.'s own collection implies that bumblebee specimen (which was Trevelyan's) did not belong to corr.

256. To Dr. BULLEN; Down (type 4) [?1861]1 June 27th AL in third person; 8 x5; 1p. B D25.38

Thanks for sending "the orchid flowers with Diptera"; CD and a son of CD have just "made out" that "Orchis maculata is fertilised by the aid of Diptera."

Note: 1. June, 1861, was the beginning of CD's work on orchids; see "Darwin's Journal," 15.

257. To?; 2. Hesketh Crescent/ Torquay [1861]1 July 18th [wmk. 1860] ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 4p. B D25.121

Cannot answer corr.'s questions; began to examine living corals nearly 30 years ago, but other pursuits have interfered and CD had forgotten what he knew; had studied "the effects of tranquil & disturbed water on their growth", but forgets his conclusions on this issue; thinks nearly all species were distinct; remembers having thought that classification of stony corals would be difficult; places "much trust" in [James Dwight] Dana, whose health has failed, regrettably.

Note: 1. Year determined by Torquay address; see "Darwin's Journal," 15 and 15n.

258. To [Charles] LYELL; 2. Hesketh Crescent/ Torquay [1861]1 July 20th ALS; 7 3/4 x5; 4p. B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: Life and Letters II, 376. line 4, add: was "pleased, considering how many have attacked me on `Induction' &c. to hear...from...H[enry] Fawcett, that...J[ohn] Mill `...considers that your [i.e. CD's] reasoning throughout [Darwin, Origin (1859)] is in the most exact accordance with the strict principles of logic. He also says the method of investigation followed is the only one proper to such a subject.' Considering how high an authority he is, this pleases me much, & I think you will be pleased";2 Etty [i.e. Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield] has improved a little. At end of letter is: is writing long paper [i.e. Darwin, Fertilisation of Orchids (1862)] on fertilisation of orchids; "I almost wish I could have been completely idle here"; heaven knows when Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868) will be done; regards to wife [Mary Elizabeth Horner Lyell].

Note: 1. Year determined by Torquay address; see "Darwin's Journal," 15.
2. See More Letters, I, 189-90 (letter 129). Cf. David L. Hull, Darwin and His Critics: The Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by the Scientific Community (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1973), 27-28.

259. To [Charles] LYELL; 2. Hesketh Crescent. Torquay [1861 (?August 1)]1 Thursday ALS; 8 x6.25 6p. B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 190-92 (letter 130). At beginning of letter is: Emma [Wedgwood Darwin] and Etty [i.e. Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield] are touring, has forwarded [Mary Elizabeth Horner] Lyell's letter "with the sad account of [the death of Frances Elizabeth Appleton] Longfellow;2 is surprised at Dutch translation [of Darwin, Origin],3 which should be left at Q[ueen] Anne St. p. 190, line 11, change "at in my orchids is" to "at, viz. Orchids, is". p. 192, line 18, add: William [Erasmus Darwin] will join Mr. [?Edmund Gibson] Atherley's Bank, needs a good introduction to Southampton from Lyell. At end of letter is: regards to Lyell's [traveling] party.4

Note: 1. Year determined by Torquay address; see "Darwin's Journal," 15. Month and day presumed from date of "2 Augt 1861" written in pencil in contemporary hand (not CD's) on manuscript.
2. See DAB, XI, 383.
3. This translation is not listed in Freeman, but see Life and Letters II, 357.
4. See Life of Lyell, II, 347.

260. To [Charles] LYELL; 2. Hesketh Crescent/ Torquay [1861 August]1 13th [wmk. 1860] ALS; 8 x5; 3p. B D25.L

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 192-93 (letter 131).

Note: 1. Reasoning for date same as for preceding letter; date written in pencil is "August/ 1861."

261. To [Charles] LYELL; 2. Hesketh Crescent/ Torquay [1861] Aug 21 [end. 1861; pmk. AU21/ 61] ALS; 8 x6.5 8p. and fragment of env., end. [C. Darwin/ returning M.S. on/ Sicily newer than species/ inhabiting it./ & on deification of Natural/ Selection./ 1861] B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, I, 193-94 (letter 132). At beginning of letter is: returns home [to Down] Monday 26th;1 knows page well, has quoted it; approved of note appended by Lyell; sentence only needs "trifling modification"; "adaptation of species [which allows them] to travel widely over existing continents, will necessarily adapt them for occasional still wider transportation to new lands. I have used in Origin this argument to account for very wide range of F[resh] Water productions."2 At end of letter is: sentence at p. 3 reads roughly.

Note: 1. Actual return occurred on August 27; see "Darwin's Journal," 15.
2. See Darwin, Origin (1859), 383-88.

262. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1861]1 Sept 6th ALS; 8 x5; 1p. (enclosure wanting) B D25.166

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 188 (letter 524).

Note: 1. Year written on manuscript in pencil in unknown hand, but appears correct from context of letter.

263. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 4) [1861]1 Sept. 10th ALS; 8 x5; 4p. B D25.L

Thanks for interesting long letter; has no suggestions on subjects "gone out of my head"; dislikes [argument concerning] absence of organic remains"; there were [no organic remains] in Patagonia or T[ierra] del Fuego where shells were present, but from what CD has read of Greenland, suspects what Lyell now admits and [Robert] Chambers urges; is abundance of swimming animals any guide to shells, etc., living at bottom; [such] animals cannot live "where icebergs are habitually grounded"; see Darwin, ["On the Distribution of the Erratic Boulders and on the Contemporaneous Unstratified Deposits of South America,"] Trans. geol. Soc. Lond., 6 [(1842): 180-88, at] 186; sorry Lyell must "alter & modify [his published treatment of]...this great subject"; admires Lyell's industry.

Note: 1. Year written on manuscript in pencil in unknown hand, appears contemporary.

264. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 4) [1861 Sept. 15]1 Sunday Evening [?end. Sept. 15] ALS; 8 x5; 5p., end.? [Sept. 15] B D25.L

Thanks for interesting correspondence; [Thomas Francis] Jamieson is "a capital man"; has been performing experiments on Dionaea; Lyell is discussing a "grand subject", but CD cannot help with it; lake theory can account for absence of deltas on Lochaber shelves; submergence of 1,200 feet in Perthshire since glaciation is striking evidence concerning Glen Roy; has been looking at his [CD's] Glen Roy paper,2 gives final arguments in favor of elevation and subsidence theory to explain Glen Roy; "But I suppose ice-lakes must be true cause"; disagrees with Lyell's claim in former letter that great glaciers in Scotland caused by great loftiness; glacial phenomena great in extent and prevalence [during ice age]; seems safest to assume great glacial period to be simultaneous until shown otherwise.

Note: 1. Month and day appear to be an endorsement by Lyell. Year is written in pencil on manuscript in an unknown hand and appears correct from context of letter.
2. "Observations on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy,..." Phil. Trans. R. Soc., 129 (1839): 39-81.

265. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 2) [1861] Sept. 22d [end. Septr 1861] ALS; 8 x6.5 5p. and end. [Darwin 81a/ Glen Roy/ Septr 1861] B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions: More Letters, II, 188-89 (letter 525). p. 189, line 6, change "found" to "formed". p. 189, line 14, change "alluded" to "attended".

266. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 4) [1861] Oct 1st [end. 1st. Oct 1861] ALS; 8 x5; 4p. and fragment of env., end. [C. Darwin/ answer to/ Jamieson on/ Glen Roy/ 1st. Oct 1861] B D25.L

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 190-91 (letter 527).

267. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 4) [1861] Oct 14th [end. 1861] ALS; 8 x5; 5p. and end. [(88)/ Darwin 1861/ on Jamieson revisit/ to Glen Roy] B D25.L

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 191-92 (letter 528). p. 191, line 15, change "Friesland" to "Finland".

268. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 4) [1861] Oct. 20th [end. Oct. 24. 1861.] ALS; 8 x5; 4p. and fragment of env., end. [C. Darwin/ Oct. 24. 1861./ Glen Roy glaciers/ & ice-dams/ "land straits"] B D25.L

Printed, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 192 (letter 529). At end of letter is: has been working hard at orchids; "The subject is, I fear, too complex for the Public & I fear I have made a great mistake in not keeping to my first intention of sending it to Linnean Soc[iet]y; but it is now too late, & I must make the best of a bad job."1

Note: 1. See Darwin, Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). CD originally planned to write only a long essay on orchids, not a book.

269. To [Charles] LYELL; Down (type 4)2 [1861 October]1 23d. ALS; 8 x5; 3p. B D25.L

Has been dissecting; returns note; supposes that all believe Lyell's view that "water flowed out at head of valley where the lakes existed"; Glen Roy's " `intermediate shelf' " seemed like a plain shelf to CD, although [Thomas Francis] J[amieson] disagrees; intermediate shelf has been seen by everyone who visited Glen Roy; there is no outlet at this shelf, but [David] Milne[-Home] says there may be; valley should be searched for such outlets; "A man might spend his life there"; hopes J[amieson] will return to Glen Roy; "it is an opprobrium to British Geologists, that it shd. not be settled beyond dispute"; is disturbed by sloping, stratified, deposited detritus at all levels "by opening on a lake or arm of sea"; terminal moraine at mouth of Spean seems better than ice; "But if it were the sea, I cannot help a sneaking hope that the sea might have formed the horizontal shelves.--"3

Note: 1. Year and month written on manuscript in pencil in unknown hand, appears contemporary and correct, according to context.
2. Although written on stationery bearing the Down (type 4) letterhead, the page of the paper with this letterhead printed upon it is at the end of the letter; first page of manuscript text is headed simply "Down", in CD's hand.
3. See also: Darwin, "Observations on the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy,..." Phil. Trans. R. Soc., 129 (1839): 39-81; More Letters, II, 171-93; Life and Letters I, 361-64; and Jamieson, "On the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy, and Their Place in the History of the Glacial Period," Q. Jl geol. Soc. Lond., 19 (1863): 235-59.

270. To Madam [?Lady Dorothy Fanny Walpole NEVILL]2; Down (type 4) [?1861]1 Nov. 12th ALS; 8 x5; 4p. B D25.132

Dr. [John] Lindley has suggested corr. to CD as source of orchids; is preparing "small work" on orchids [i.e. Fertilisation of Orchids (1862)]; send two or three flowers of "any member of the great Tribe of Arethuseae," including "Limodoridae, Vanillidae &c.", especially "Mormodes & Cycnoches"; expects difficulty in shipping of delicate pollen masses; also wants Bonatea, Masdevillia, and "any Bolbophyllum with its lower lip or Labellum irritable"; wants "any genus with any remarkable peculiarity"; send large parcels to " `C. Darwin care of the Down Postman Bromley Kent' "; gives packing instructions.

Note: 1. This was the only November during which CD was preparing a "small work" on orchids; see "Darwin's Journal," 15.
2. Nevill was the only woman (note the "madam") acknowledged by CD in the orchid book; see Darwin, Fertilisation of Orchids (1862), 158n. The letter refers to the corr. as "your Ladyship"; Nevill was the daughter of an Earl and the wife of another relative of a peer.

271. To?; Down (type 4) [ca. 1861-1869]1 Feb. 24th ALS; 8 x5; 1p. B D25.98

Thanks for proofs; cannot form any judgment, but corr.'s view is ingenious; if accepted, it will be great step in knowledge of glacier movement.

Note: 1. Years determined by Down address variant used.

272. To [Peter Martin DUNCAN]; Down (type 4) [ca. 1861-1869]1 Ap 13 LS; 8 x5; 3p. B D25.77

C[harles] Lyell says corr. pleased to receive coral specimens from Keeling Islands; will send some via Geolog[ical] Soc[iety of London]; once had more; habitat and station for each specimen is given; collected all but one specimen himself; has a few notes about soft parts of corals.

Note: 1. Years determined by Down address variant used.

273. To?; Down (type 4) [ca. 1861-1869]1 Sept. 8th ALS; 8 x5; 3p. B D25.150

Thanks for note and specimens; subject is worthy of a paper; hopes corr. has kept CD's queries; glad to hear about number of moults, but color is chief interest; tell briefly of differences of plumage of male, female, and young in two or three breeds, so CD can judge how far to pursue subject; Pile Game [a fighting fowl] would be good case; wants from breeders information of proportions of sexes of ducks and fowls; when at Manchester, find age of peacock when topknot appears; sorry corr. is ill.

Note: 1. Years determined by Down address variant used.

274. From Cha[rles] LYELL; no location [1862 March]1 ALS; 7 x4.5 4p. B D25.L

Has the shingles; thanks for letter; envies CD's being almost done [with Darwin, Fertilisation of Orchids (1862)]; is working with printer himself; has been thinking about Glen Roy, needs CD's explanation; height of cols determines levels of [Glen Roy] shelves, not the variable heights of ice blockages; sees how ice dam caused lowest shelves in Glen Roy and Glen Spean, then another ice dam in Glen Roy raised waters even higher, but does not know how two ice blockages in one glen can cause two shelves, since lower would be destroyed when new ice blockage arrived, and since disappearance of old blockage before new blockage arrived would leave lower, formerly blocked col open for drainage; marine theory avoids this because top shelf is made first; return this note with answer, so Lyell can send it to [Thomas Francis] Jamieson; CD's brother [Erasmus Alvey Darwin] told of illness of CD's child [Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield].

Note: 1. This is clearly the letter which prompted the reply which follows below.

275. To [Charles] LYELL; Down [1862] April 1st ALS; 8 x6.5 3p. B D25.L

Printed in full, with minor changes: More Letters, II, 192-93 (letter 530).

276. To [Philip Lutley] SCLATER; Down (type 4) [1862] May 12th [end. May 1862] ALS; 8 x5; 3p. and end. [6105/ C. Darwin/ May 1862/ Abt. Peacock] B D25.S

[Abraham Dee] Bartlett says that "Japanned Peacock" (Sclater's name for which [Pavo nigripennis--PTC] CD has forgotten) has appeared among ornithologist [Hudson] Gurney's birds; write to Gurney for particulars, or give Gurney's address to CD; wants to know "whether his birds appeared pure & whether any Japanned Peacocks lived anywhere near, so that there could have been a recent cross."1

Note: 1. See Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 290-92.

277. To [Philip Lutley] SCLATER; Down (type 4) [1862] May 14th [end. May 1862] ALS; 8 x5; 3p. and end. [C. Darwin/ May 1862/ Abt Birds] B D25.S

Thanks for two notes; ask [Hudson] Gurney if he had any white or pied birds when P[avo] nigripennis appeared; in two of three cases mentioned by Sir R[obert] Heron [in "Notes," Proc. zool. Soc. Lond., 3 (1835): 54-55], there were whites and pieds in lot; has four cases, thinks P. nigripennis a variety, no more surprising in origin than Himalayan rabbit;1 if [Zoological] Gardens [of Zoological Society of London] have a white and a common peacock, cross them to see if P. nigripennis appears; "the effects of crossing are sometimes marvellous in bringing out old & lost characters or in producing new characters".

Note: 1. See Darwin, Variation under Domestication (1868), I, 108-11.

278. To [George Henry Kendrick] THWAITES; Down (type 4) [1862] June 15th [end. 1862] ALS; 8 x5; 4p., end. [1862] B D25.TH

Read Darwin, "On the Two Forms, or Dimorphic Condition, in the Species of Primula,..." J. Linn. Soc. [(Botany), 6 (1862): 77-96]; Dr. [Hugh Algernon] Weddell says cinchona presents same case of some trees with long pistils and some with short; there must be reciprocal fertilization between two forms; please check this claim on Ceylon cinchona, using artificial fertilization if necessary to cross the two forms and produce strong plants; no need to castrate; suggests this because "the growth of Cinchona is so important for mankind [as source of quinine]"; is still working at this subject; such dimorphism seems common with Rubiaceae [family of cinchona and madder]; would like analogous cases.

279. To W[illiam] B[ernhard] TEGETMEIER; Down (type 4) 1862 June 20th ALS; 8 x5; 3p. B D25.23

Testimonial, letter of recommendation for position of curator for Hartley Institution. Excerpts printed: Life and Letters II, 53.

280. To [George Henry Kendrick] THWAITES; Down (type 4) [1862] June 20th [end. 1862] ALS; 8 x5; 4p., end. [1862] B D25.TH

Wrote to Thwaites on Primula [see CD to Thwaites, June 15, 1862, above] two days before receiving Thwaites's letter of May 15; is glad to hear of Sethia; Menyanthes is dimorphic, so is not surprised at Limnanthemum; compare by weight the output of two forms of Limnanthemum; on Malpighiaceae, mark the imperfect flowers, see if they set seed, see if they are closed, and see "whether the pollen-tubes are emitted from the pollen-grain within the anther & then penetrate the stigma", as is the case with imperfect flowers of Viola and Oxalis; thanks for "your Governor's letter"; "I suspect the dimorphism of Primula, is often, (though not at all necessarily) the high-road to dioeciousness."1

Note: 1. See Darwin, Different Forms of Flowers (1877), 116 and 122.

281. To C[harles] LYELL; 1. Carlton Terrace/ Southampton [1862] Aug. 22d. [end. Augt.24.1862; pmk