An Annotated Calendar of the Letters of Charles Darwin in the Library of the American Philosophical Society, American Philosophical Society

One of the most important natural historians in nineteenth century Britain, Charles Darwin provided the first compelling mechanism to account for organismal evolutionary change. Although lacking a coherent model of heredity, Darwin's natural selection has exerted an enormous influence over the biological sciences and since the introduction of Mendelian genetics, had remained the key unifying principle in the discipline.

The APS Darwin Papers are a large a valuable assemblage of Darwin's correspondence with scientific colleagues, including Charles Lyell and George J. Romanes. They are included in the print version of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin (Cambridge Univ. Press).

Background note

Charles Darwin
by Maull and Polyblank,
ca.1860

Foreword

The Library of the American Philosophical Society took its first step toward assembling a collection of manuscripts and books relating to Charles Darwin and evolution in 1950. In that year, at the suggestion of William E. Lingelbach and with the support of Edwin G. Conklin, librarian and president respectively, the Society purchased at auction in London 177 letters from Darwin to Sir Charles Lyell and some 277 more to Lyell from other British and European scientists. Copies of the letters were deposited in the British Museum, and the originals became the nucleus of the Society's Darwin collection. (See Edwin G. Conklin, "Letters of Charles Darwin and Other Scientists and Philosophers to Sir Charles Lyell, Bart.," Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 95 (1951): 220-22.)

To extend the collection Dr. Lingelbach asked the assistance of Dr. Loren C. Eiseley, who was then writing Darwin's Century. For some years Dr. Eiseley systematically scanned catalogues, made lists of desiderata, and, on visits to booksellers here and in England, purchased books by and about Darwin. Meanwhile the Library continued to acquire letters of Charles Darwin and other 19th century naturalists until it now has almost 700 by Darwin alone.

In 1973, the preparation of a calendar was begun by the Library in the belief that scholars could use a guide that was something more than a list but short of fully edited transcriptions of the Darwin letters. The work has been supported by a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and it is now published with the approval of Mr. George P. Darwin.

The calendar was prepared by P. Thomas Carroll. Besides providing concise descriptions of the contents of unpublished letters, Mr. Carroll has indicated when changes were made in published versions, corrected erroneous transcriptions and added notes. A particularly important contribution of this calendar is the method Mr. Carroll and a colleague, Professor Thaddeus Trenn, have devised for dating the letters more accurately. All Darwin scholars are familiar with this difficult problem and all of them will appreciate help with it.

The present volume contains a substantial portion (about 15%) of all the Darwin letters that have so far been located. A search is now in progress to find as many more as possible for a "Collected Letters of Charles Darwin" of which I am a Co-Editor with Dr. Sydney Smith of St. Catharine's College, Cambridge. On the basis of my experience, I can attest to the skill and thoroughness with which Mr. Carroll has dealt with the many difficulties that confront an editor of Darwin's correspondence.

Scholarly interest in Darwin has been growing steadily in recent years and the Library of the American Philosophical Society has become a center of Darwin research on this side of the Atlantic. The present volume is thus a welcome introduction to a collection that has become an indispensable resource for research on the life and work of Charles Darwin and the history of the theory of evolution.

Frederick Burkhardt

Introduction

The profound influence of the thought of Charles Darwin on contemporary scientific culture stems largely from his theory of natural selection, the first widely accepted mechanism to account for organismal evolutionary change. A product of Victorian preconceptions of the order of nature and the nature of change, both Darwin and his theories have proven remarkably resilient and remain a vital heuristic in the biological sciences.

The son of the physician Robert Darwin, Charles Darwin was blessed with a pair of illustrious grandfathers from the progressive elite of British Whiggery, the savant and proto-evolutionist, Erasmus Darwin, and the manufacturer of ceramics, Josiah Wedgwood. Born in Shrewsbury on February 12, 1809, Charles entered the University of Edinburgh at age sixteen, intending to follow in his father's footsteps into medicine, but he proved as unmotivated a student as he was unenthusiastic. Repulsed by the experience of attending surgeries undertaken in the absence of anaesthetics, Darwin abandoned his already half-hearted commitment to medicine and in 1827, he left Edinburgh for Christ's College, Cambridge, to study for the ministry.

The change of venue did little to rouse Darwin's enthusiasm for coursework, however at Cambridge, he met three men whose enthusiasm for nature sparked his imagination. With the great geologist, Charles Lyell, Darwin undertook field excursions to south Wales and was introduced to the concept of uniformitarianism; with F.W. Hope, he spent the summer of 1829 collecting bugs and beetles; while the botanist John Stevens Henslow encouraged his interest in the natural sciences, but equally importantly introduced him to Captain Robert Fitz-Roy. After receiving his degree in 1831, Darwin signed on as naturalist aboard Fitz-Roy's H.M.S. Beagle on its cruise around the world. Summarizing Darwin's subsequent career would be an exercise in courting claims to insufficiency while guaranteeing inadequacy, yet

Returning home from the Beagle in 1836, Darwin began in earnest to write and publish in natural history. His first paper, speculating on the origin of coral atolls, was begun in December 1835, and he began his first notebook on theories relating to the transmutation of species in July 1837, only two months after presenting his coral atoll paper at the Geological Society. Financial pressures were not a concern for the well-heeled Darwin, particularly after marrying his wealthy first cousin, Emma Wedgwood, in January 1839, and from the late 1830s onward, Darwin was able to lead an gentleman's life devoted to the pursuit of science, interrupted on occasion by illness and family concerns.

Darwin's first major monograph, his Journal of Researches (London: H. Colburn, 1839), was an important record of the geological and natural historical observations made during his voyage aboard the Beagle, and was a huge popular success. Since his visit to the Galapagos aboard the Beagle, however, Darwin had been percolating with ideas on the transmutation of species, an idea that had concerned his grandfather Erasmus before him. According to Darwin's retelling of the events, his ideas began to gel after reading Thomas Malthus's Essay on the Principle of Population, which confirmed his predilection for viewing nature as a struggle for existence in which "favourable variations would tend to be preserved and unfavourable ones to be destroyed." Malthusian logic, he believed, would lead one to conclude that the end result would be the differential reproduction of animal populations based upon the characteristics each possessed, leading ultimately to speciation. By the early 1840s, Darwinian natural selection was beginning to germinate.

Cabinet card of Charles Darwin
by Barraud, ca.1875-80

Yet still he sat. Darwin's research during the 1840s and early 1850s included brushes with the evolutionist thought of the botanist J.D. Hooker, the cosmic Robert Chambers and others, and in 1842, he sketched out the rudiments of his theory, thinking enough of it to have it copied two years later. His ardor for publishing on the topic may have been cooled by the hostility he saw meted out to Chambers' Vestiges of the Natural Creation (1844), but his attention was also divided -- barnacles and migraines were as much part of Darwin's decades as natural selection. Even the appearance in 1855 of Alfred Russel Wallace's "On the Law Which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species" in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History did little to prod Darwin onward, nor did the intervention of his old mentor, Charles Lyell, speed the pen. It was not until 1858 that Darwin moved forward, having receiving a letter from Wallace informing him that Malthus's Essay had illuminated his thinking on the origin of species, and enclosing a manuscript for comment that outlined a theory with a strong, coincidental resemblance to Darwin's own. Fearful of losing any claim to priority, Darwin had his 1844 essay and Wallace's published jointly in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society in August 1858, and he proceeded feverishly (often literally so) to work on a longer "abstract" of his ideas, the work that became his magnum opus, On the Origin of Species (London: J. Murray, 1859).

In the spectacular sequence of books that followed, Darwin elucidated various aspects of the theory of natural selection, progressing with increasing confidence through The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication (London: J.Murray, 1868), The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (London: J. Murray, 1871); and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and the Animals (London: J. Murray, 1872). Lacking, as he admitted, in any coherent theory of heredity, Darwin's natural selection nevertheless provided a persuasive explanation of the mechanics of organismal change. While the response to natural selection was not uniformly warm, perhaps even providing impetus to Lamarckian theories of inheritance, it was chiefly responsible for establishing evolutionary change as an integral part of biological explanation. The broader implications of Darwin's thought, including the role of contingency, relativism, and stochasticity in organismal change continue to define biological interests. More subtly, his ideas catalyzed a slow shift away from typological thinking (imaging the organism with respect to a perfect "type") toward viewing organisms in the context of a population, an attitudinal adjustment with profound implications for the practice of science in the twentieth century.

Darwin continued with research and writing until the time of his death on April 19, 1882. His last work was the quirky, fascinating, and perhaps prophetic book, The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms (London: J. Murray 1882).

Scope and content

The Darwin Papers at the American Philosophical Society represent approximately 15% of the surviving correspondence of the British evolutionary theorist, Charles Darwin. Consisting chiefly of correspondence between Darwin and other scientists writing on subjects from natural selection and the theory of evolution to the controversy caused by On the Origin of Species, the Darwin Papers.

The earliest accession of Darwin Papers at the APS consisted of an extensive and important series of letters between Darwin and his colleague and mentor, Charles Lyell, that frame the development of their thought from the late 1830s into the 1870s. There is a wealth of other important correspondence in the collection with John Thomas Gulick, George John Romanes, and Philip Lutley Sclater, among others.

This collection includes photostats of letters from Walsh to Darwin, in the Chicago Museum of Natural History, and photostats of Darwin manuscripts in possession of Dr. Robert M. Stecher, Cleveland, Ohio.

Darwin's mock-up of titlepage for the Origin of Species
1859

Relevance of the Darwin Calendar

Thousands of pages have been written about Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882), whose Origin of Species laid the foundation for modern evolutionary theory. Even so, our picture of Darwin and our assessment of his place in history are undergoing constant revision. Relatively speaking, we are, after all, only recently accustomed to the notion that we share a common ancestry with apes, and few outside the biological professions yet appreciate the sweeping implications of population thinking (as opposed to typological thinking) or the concept of ecology. The social and political significance of Darwin's work will probably be debated for some time to come. Many historians of science are interested in the processes by which Darwin's ideas were formulated, disseminated, and ultimately accepted by scientists and by laymen. Scientists continue to be enlightened by reading Darwin¹ and publication of transcriptions of Darwin's various manuscripts occurs regularly.²

Given these developments, as well as the added stimulus provided by the 1959 centennial of the publication of the Origin, it seems certain that research and writing upon Darwin will continue, with scholars demanding access to ever more records of Darwin's life and work. This calendar was prepared with this demand in mind, so that readers may better interpret the significance of this great naturalist's achievements and those of his colleagues.

The five remaining sections of this introduction explain in a general way the design and the intended utility of the calendar. They discuss the following topics: 1)the primary importance of letters in the assessment of Darwin's life and work; 2) the justification for publishing these letters; 3) the nature of the Darwin letters collection at the Library of the American Philosophical Society; 4) the reasons for publishing the letters in the more-or-less unfashionable calendar format; and 5) the unique problems encountered in dating the letters. A rather extensive and detailed statement of the editorial method employed in this calendar follows the introduction.

Darwin's Letters

Modern man, armed with the telephone and often inundated with bureaucratic paperwork, might find it hard to comprehend how important letters were to life among the literate elite of the nineteenth century, and how valuable these nineteenth-century letters now are to scholars. But Darwin's contemporaries knew well the value of letters; Thomas Jefferson put the point succinctly in 1823 when he argued that "the letters of a person, especially of one whose business has been chiefly transacted by letters, form the only full and genuine journal of his life."³ This was especially true of scientists and other scholars of the day, for whom communication of the written word was such an integral part of intellectual activity.

Letters are particularly significant in Darwin's case. Physically isolated at Down House for most of his life and often immobilized by chronic illness, Darwin depended more heavily than others upon letters as his principal mode of communication. Moreover, because correspondence was Darwin's usual medium of contact with his closest friends, his letters often exhibit a degree of candor about his life and work not revealed clearly in any of his other papers and publications -- not even in the intimate Autobiography which, though written for his own satisfaction and the entertainment of his children, lacked the presence of daily communication and was tempered somewhat by the restraints of Darwin's time and class.⁴

Finally, the unusually heterogeneous quality of the Darwin letters reveal better than any other of the records of his life the diversity of his daily routine and the catholicity of his interests and preoccupations.

Scholars who examine the record of Darwin's life contained in his letters can expect to find many types of information. For the historian of science with a bent toward the history of ideas, there is abundant material on Darwin's scientific views. Sometimes a passage in a letter clarifies or corrects a claim in one of Darwin's published works; for example, in a letter to Charles Lyell in 1860, Darwin is tempering a rather extreme contention, which he had written into the Origin, when he writes that "Ammonites have become wholly extinct in a remarkably sudden manner relatively to most other families [and not absolutely, as implied in the Origin]; I meant only this [in the Origin], but I see I have not been nearly guarded enough."⁵ At other times Darwin retracts assertions made in previous letters; in some cases only the earlier, unamended claim has been published, so that the unsuspecting scholar may be misled if he does not peruse carefully the unpublished materials.⁶

Occasionally, a Darwin letter will contain opinions and theories not yet expressed in print, or at least not yet expressed as well as in the particular unpublished letter at hand; writing to Lyell in 1860, for example, Darwin argued that "how far to lump & split species is indeed a hopeless problem. It must in the end, I think, be determined by mere convenience."⁷ It would be hard to locate a more succinct or more modern expression of Darwin's well-known disbelief in the existence of identifiable species.

Scholars interested in the social history of science, the growth of scientific ideas, the sociology of science, and the dynamics of scientific communities also will find much of interest in the letters, for they contain many of Darwin's views on these subjects, especially in reference to Darwin's assessment of the prospects for ultimate acceptance of his own theories. This is best exemplified in Darwin's confidences to friends in 1859 and 1860 regarding the fate of the Origin,⁸ but there are other examples concerning Darwin's views about priority and his estimation of the role his cirripede work would play in the growth of science.⁹

Still another revealing type of information expressed only in the letters is that relating to Darwin's assessments of his colleagues -- enlightening glimpses of Darwin's critical insight at work which rarely surfaced in the polite society of contemporary England but are now absolutely necessary for a full understanding of his professional identity and behavior. Where else can one find Darwin saying of Robert FitzRoy: "I never cease wondering at his character,... full of good... traits but spoiled by such an unlucky temper. Some part of... his brain wants mending....?"¹⁰. It is no wonder that this passage, as well as one which describes Richard Owen as "wonderfully clever in his malevolence,"¹¹ usually were deleted silently from the earlier published versions of Darwin's letters -- this is all the more reason for including them here.

To complement such insights and revelations, there is much autobiographical matter in the letters. It might be used to construct a reasonably good record both of Darwin's face-to-face encounters with his colleagues and of the content of such meetings.¹² Often the letters record Darwin's whereabouts, which information is especially useful in determining the dates of Darwin's frequent one-day trips into London -- something not systematically recorded elsewhere.¹³ Moreover, the letters constantly remind us that Darwin was as much a family man and a medical patient as he was a naturalist and a scientist, and they show how these different aspects of Darwin's life tended to interact. For example, in 1860, Darwin's daughter contracted remittent fever, and the family was forced by their concern for the young girl's life to remove to a healthier climate than that found at Down. While thus away, Darwin found himself unable to continue the research he had been conducting at home, so he filled his idle time by examining the sun-dew, an insectivorous plant common to the area being visited. This work eventually led to the publication of an entire book on insectivorous plants, and one could therefore argue the extreme externalist position that illness had been the cause for its appearance.¹⁴

Still another type of correspondence consists of purely business letters, which range from orders and acknowledgments of books and reprints -- data valuable to scholars -- to routine details such as the addition of a wing to Down House in 1876-1877 or the purchase of medical supplies.¹⁵ Such routine letters show, if nothing else, Darwin's meticulousness, and they are sometimes useful for dating other Darwin letters of greater import.

Need to Publish Letters

To a certain extent, scholars have been reaping benefits from Darwin's letters for long time, since the bulk of Darwin's most important letters have been in print for well over fifty years, and additional letters have been published from time to time ever since.¹⁶ One might well ask, then, why a calendar of 700 more letters is necessary, especially since portions, at least, of roughly half of the letters in the American Philosophical Society's collection have already been printed. Several different responses can be given to this question.

Most importantly, there is the problem of selection criteria in the major published collections of Darwin's correspondence. The three works which contain published versions of many of the items calendared below (as well as a great many other Darwin letters) provide only a selection of Darwin's correspondence, and those letters which are included are usually not transcribed in full. In all three of these works, the choice of both which letters are to be included and which portions of the chosen letters are to be printed has been colored by the motives of the editors. As these motives are not those of historians today, there are limitations -- some of them severe -- to the usefulness of these works as definitive references for modern scholars. To illustrate the point: "In choosing letters for publication," says Darwin's son Francis in the opening line of the preface of his edition of his father's Life and Letters, "I have been largely guided by the wish to illustrate my father's personal character." In some cases, such guidance led him to give a relatively low priority to the illustration of Darwin's scientific work, and in most cases, it meant deleting family matters as well as derogatory remarks and other embarrassing details.¹⁷ More Letters, edited by Francis Darwin and A. C. Seward, somewhat redresses the balance; its editors say that they prepared the volumes "to give as full an idea as possible of the course of Mr. Darwin's work," and they state further that their compendium contains "practically all the matter that it now seems desirable to publish. But," they continue, "at some future time others may find interesting data in what remains unprinted; this is certainly true of a short series of letters dealing with the Cirripedes, which are omitted solely for want of space."¹⁸ Similarly, in the preface to her two-volume biography of her mother, which contains 66 of her father's letters, Darwin's daughter, H. E. Litchfield, confesses that she began to prepare a record of her mother's life because she thought it would be "of value to her [Emma Darwin's] grandchildren," and then she altered and enlarged the scope of the book as she became interested in "the personalities of the writers" of the letters printed therein.¹⁹ While such criteria of inclusion and exclusion were perfectly respectable and common in their day, and scholars have profited greatly from all these works despite their limitations, there is still a need to treat Darwin's letters more systematically, particularly with the needs of historians of science and other scholars in mind.

A still more serious indictment of the principal sources of Darwin's correspondence is that those letters which do appear in them were not edited according to rigorous modern standards. "In printing the letters," Francis Darwin confesses about the Life and Letters, "I have followed (except in a few cases) the usual plan of indicating the existence of omissions or insertions." One wonders what the "few cases" were, and exactly how few they were. "I have not followed the originals," he continues, "as regards the spelling of names, the use of capital letters, or in the manner of punctuation."²⁰ Similarly, in More Letters, "dots indicate omissions, but many omissions are made without being so indicated."²¹ In Emma Darwin, "many omissions are made without putting any sign that this has been done. Neither the punctuation nor the spelling has been rigidly followed. But the sense has never wittingly been altered, although occasionally a word evidently omitted has been added without putting any sign that this has been done."²²

In addition to the problems relating to the imprecise editorial standards of these works and to standards of letter selection which stress Darwin's character to the neglect of his career and other aspects of his life, some scholars may have difficulty in using these words because: the letters are not placed in chronological order; in far too many cases are incorrectly dated or are not dated at all²³; and the indexes are inadequate.

To a certain extent, these final criticisms can also be levelled at some of the small selections of Darwin letters published as journal articles with increasing frequency since the centennial of the publication of the Origin in 1859.²⁴ Moreover, the quality of the transcriptions in some of these articles is not very good.²⁵ While this calendar will not rectify all of these problems (most notably because it contains a rather small and arbitrary selection of those letters published in these articles), it should clarify all such problems for the letters with which it deals. Moreover, use of this calendar should at least streamline the kind of research which can be conducted only while one is visiting the Society's archives. This should save much research time.²⁶

Nature of the Society's Darwin Collections

To a first approximation, Darwin's correspondents can be grouped according to their relationship to Darwin and their function as contributors to his work. A look at a few of these various types of correspondent may help readers to obtain a overview of the Darwin collections calendared here.

Among the correspondents, there are at least six types. 1. Members of the Darwin family. Letters to and from these persons are sometimes the most intimate of all of Darwin's letters, but they are not so numerous as letters to and from some correspondents in the other groups discussed below. This is probably because of Darwin's proximity to his family -- except, of course, during his early life, particularly during the voyage of the Beagle, when letters home to his sister are some of the most revealing letters Darwin ever wrote. 2. Confidants, friends, and close colleagues. These persons were the figures most closely associated with Darwin's everyday work, and the letters to them are the most useful for historians. In some cases, because of Darwin's removal from London and need to keep in close touch with his most trusted colleagues, the collected letters to these figures form an almost daily record of Darwin's life and work. 3. Other colleagues. These were scientists, naturalists, and the like with whom Darwin had only professional relations. Although somewhat less cordial than letters to confidants, correspondence with other colleagues is similar in substance to that with confidants. 4. Informants. These were rather special colleagues who supplied the sedentary Darwin with the observations and other data needed to test various aspects of his scientific theories. Darwin was careful in his selection of informants; he always checked to be certain that each one was an expert in the subject about which he was inquiring. Darwin had such informants in all corners of the world, but he also called upon nearby friends, relatives, former schoolmates, and acquaintances for information on topics about which such persons had some knowledge. 5. Business associates. This category includes booksellers, publishers, chemical suppliers, solicitors, architects, and the like. Correspondence with them is sometimes useful as a record of Darwin's activities, especially as an indicator of Darwin's reading, and it usually shows Darwin's attention to detail. 6. Unsolicited correspondents. From such persons Darwin received many letters, notes, and specimens. These ranged from crank mail to information on scientific curiosities about which Darwin showed great interest.

All six of these groups are represented to a greater or lesser degree in the American Philosophical Society's collections, and since some of the finest examples are not easily identified by perusal of the calendar, given its chronological format, they are discussed below. Unfortunately, they give a necessarily one-sided view of the relationship between Darwin and his correspondents, because there are only eleven letters to Darwin in the Society's collections.²⁷

At the core of the Library's holdings are the letters to Charles Lyell, the father of uniformitarian geology and Darwin's "Lord Chancellor" for science.²⁸ Until his death in 1875, Lyell was one of Darwin's closest confidants. Many of Darwin's letters to him have been published, although most of the passages concerning geology, as well as a few other crucial sentences here and there, have been excised from the printed versions. Some of the unpublished letters are also of importance.

The calendar lists an unusually rich correspondence with two other confidants: George John Romanes, the physiologist, and John Maurice Herbert, one of Darwin's schoolmates at Cambridge. Begun in 1874, the Darwin-Romanes correspondence warmed over time, as Darwin came to trust and admire this young colleague. In a sense, Romanes filled a gap for Darwin which was created with the death of Lyell in 1875, although in the Darwin-Romanes relationship the roles of elder and follower were reversed for Darwin from what they had been with Lyell. The letters to Romanes are replete with details about Darwin's pangenesis hypothesis and the experiments designed by the two men to test it, as well as much material on animal intelligence, spiritualism, and other topics. The letters to Herbert begin as early as 1828 and provide important insight into Darwin's early life, including his voyage on the Beagle. While some of these letters have been published, a few significant portions of them have not, and readers with a particular interest in the views of the young Darwin will probably want to study the Herbert entries in the calendar with extra care.²⁹

Informants are almost as well represented in the calendar as are confidants. The Library has a particularly good collection of letters to George Henry Kendrick Thwaites, the Ceylonese naturalist, concerning the flora and fauna of Ceylon and India as well as the expression of the emotions of savages in these regions. The collection illustrates well both the questions Darwin asked and the answers he expected to receive. The correspondence with Thomas Campbell Eyton, another of Darwin's schoolmates at Cambridge, is of similar interest, especially on topics relating to osteology and other morphological similarities, dispersal mechanisms, and domestic varieties. Both the Thwaites and the Eyton letters are indicative of the methods of gathering data used extensively by Darwin during and after the Origin period (ca. 1854-1875); the earlier part of these years, of course, represent Darwin's most important fact-gathering episode since his return from the Beagle voyage.

The collections of letters to the correspondents named above by no means comprise all of the Library's Darwin holdings, of course. There are a great many other letters, sometimes in groups to a single correspondent (e.g. to Philip Lutley Sclater or to John Phillips) and sometimes scattered through miscellaneous correspondence. Only careful reading of all the letters in a given period will give scholars a genuine feel for the totality of Darwin's life and work.

Choosing the Calendar Format

In choosing the calendar format for this guide, the primary objective has been to bring scholar and documents as close together as possible, given the restraints of economy, of time, and of the unique character of the originals. Almost thirty years ago, the usefulness of a calendar for achieving this objective in situations such as exist with the Darwin letters at the Society was summed up well by archivist and local historian Morris L. Radoff of the Maryland Hall of Records:

the calendar is especially valuable in treating (1) material that is badly and hopelessly disarranged,... (2) materials of great complexity, where the chronological arrangement demands a reasonable amount of preliminary study,... and (3) materials which must be brought together in the calendar from... several [collections] in the same depository.... ³⁰

The material in the Darwin collections in the Library fits all three of these desiderata. First, it is indeed rather disarranged, owing primarily to the piecemeal method of acquisition of most of it. Second, because Darwin usually failed to date his letters completely and sometimes failed to date them at all, chronological arrangement demanded more time for preliminary study than would normally be available to the average scholar interested in only a portion of the Society's Darwin holdings and unable to afford either a lengthy stay in the Philadelphia area or photostatic copies of considerable amounts of Darwin materials. Third, since about half of the letters are dispersed throughout the archives as separate collections of letters from Darwin to a single correspondent, scholars interested in an overview of Darwin's correspondence would have had to conduct a multitude of separate searches in the absence of a single master calendar.

This calendar is somewhat more extensive than most. A description of this more extensive type of reference work and a justification for its employment in this instance are summed up well in the Harvard Guide to American History:

In this [more extended] form of calendar, a digest of each document is printed and the more important and interesting parts are quoted. Thus a large part of the expense of printing the documents in full is saved, yet the meat of them is rendered available to students. As Americans are such inveterate indexers, arrangers, and bibliographers, it seems strange that they have seldom used this cheap but excellent method of presenting the heart of a manuscript collection or archive to the public.³¹

Because of its extensive nature, the calendar should serve the needs of most scholars. In those cases in which it is not sufficient, however, the original manuscript letters are still on deposit at the Library, and photocopies and/or microfilms of the originals are available for a small fee on a special order basis. In addition, after a brief period of a few years during which they will be used for another project, a set of complete and annotated transcripts of the letters (i.e. transcripts prepared by the editor to facilitate the compilation of this calendar) will be available for study.

Resolving the Dating Problem

Anyone who has worked with Darwin's letters knows how difficult it often is to assign a correct and exact date to each of his letters. Francis Darwin and A. C. Seward stated the problem well when they wrote that "Mr. Darwin, who was careful in other things, generally omitted the date in familiar correspondence, and it is often only by treating a letter as a detective studies a crime that we can make sure of its date."³² For a compiler of a calender of Darwin's letters, of course, the inconsistent dating creates the same problems and puzzles that Francis Darwin faced, and, like him, one has to employ a variety of methods of dating that would do honor to Sherlock Holmes. The usual techniques involving watermarks, postmarks, content analysis, and handwriting analysis were sufficient in most cases, but even after such methods had been employed the dates on a number of letters remained ambiguous.

Fortunately, study of the variant addresses appearing in the headings of almost all Darwin letters written since 1842 has allowed the dating of most of the letters in the calendar, at least to within a few years.³³ The research on this subject, conducted in collaboration with Thaddeus J. Trenn, University of Regensburg, indicates that Darwin used at least nine variant letterhead addresses for his home in Down as tabulated in the table below and illustrated in Figure 2.

Address variants



Type	Address Variant	Dates Used
Type 1:	Down near Bromley Kent (written)	1842 to 1845
Type 2:	Down Bromley Kent (written)	1843 to 1846 and 1855 to 1861
Type 3:	Down Farnborough Kent (written)	1846 to 1855
Type 4:	Down. Bromley. Kent. S.E. (printed)	1861 to 1869
Type 5:	Down. Beckenham Kent. S.E. (printed, with Bromley crossed out and Beckenham added in writing)	1869 to 1871
Type 6:	Down, Beckenham, Kent. (printed)	1871 to 1875
Type 7:	Down Beckenham Kent (written)	1874 (briefly)
Type 8:	DOWN, BECKENHAM, KENT RAILWAY STATION ORPINGTON. S.E.R. (printed)	1874 to 1881
Type 9:	DOWN, BECKENHAM, KENT (RAILWAY STATION ORPINGTON. S.E.R.) (printed, with parentheses added in writing)	1878 to 1882

(The end points for these dates were determined by recording the addresses and the dates for all unambiguously-dated Darwin letters which could be found, both here and at Cambridge University Library -- probably about 1,000 letters in all. A plausible explanation apparently can be advanced for every change of address, and in most cases, the switch from one address type to another is sudden. For the purposes of dating the letters in this calendar, however, the greatest possible latitude in the beginning and final dates of use of each variant has been assumed; this has produced the overlaps in the time periods given above. The research on the variant addresses continues, and the final results will probably be published elsewhere.)

One final note about dates is necessary. Often the date assigned to a particular letter in this calendar will differ by a few days from the date given in a published version of the same letter, especially those published versions appearing in Life and Letters or More Letters. This is because the editors of these works often used the date of receipt of a letter, taken from the endorsement, rather than the actual date on which the letter was written.³⁴ In cases in which Darwin gave some reference to the day of the week on which the letter was written, it has been possible to determine the date of writing by reference to a perpetual calendar. In such cases, the correction of the date has been made silently.

P.T.C.

Arrangement

The Darwin Papers are organized into two primary groups, the first listed in Thomas Carroll's Calendar, the latter not.


B D25	Charles Darwin Papers, 1828-1882	2.0 linear feet
B D25m	Getz Collection, 1799-1874 (not inventoried here)	0.5 linear feet

Administrative information

Restrictions

None.

Provenance

Acquired, 1950s to present.

Cite as: Charles Darwin Papers, American Philosophical Society.

Processing information

The Annotated Calendar of the Letters of Charles Darwin in the Library of the American Philosophical Society was edited and annotated by P. Thomas Carroll, with a foreword by Frederick Burkhart.

The print edition was published by SR Scholarly Resources Inc. in 1976.

Address: Scholarly Resources, Inc. 1508 Pennsylvania Avenue Wilmington, Delaware 19806

Other finding aids

Many of these letters are described briefly in P. Thomas Carroll, An Annotated Calendar of the Letters of Charles Darwin in the Library of the American Philosophical Society (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1976). Call no.: 012 D25c.

A comprehensive calendar of Darwin manuscripts is provided in Frederick Burkhardt and Sydney Smith, A Calendar of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin, 1821-1882 (N.Y.: Garland, 1985). Call no.: 016.091 D25b

Additional information

Although Darwin's correspondence is very widely dispersed, the largest collection of Darwin Papers is housed at the Cambridge University Library (http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/MSS/Darwin.html). Cambridge hosts an on-line calendar of Darwin correspondence at http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/Departments/Darwin/calintro.html.

The Getz Collection (B D25.m) contains additional Darwin Papers, and the Library houses the complete files of the Darwin Papers Editorial Project (Ms. Coll. 28) (including photocopies of all extant Darwin letters) and microfilm of Darwin materials held at Down House (films 496,13; 496,14), along with material relating to Erasmus Darwin and other members of the Darwin family.

In addition to manuscript letters to and from Charles Darwin, several other items in the Library of the American Philosophical Society may be of interest to the Darwin scholar. These are discussed below in more-or-less general way which, although not a comprehensive list, should give readers some idea of the nature of these collections. The items are discussed in groups, by type of document.

Manuscript items

Included under this rubric are three types of documents:

the correspondence and other papers of those people who corresponded with Darwin--all of it relating directly to manuscript letters calendared above;
autograph documents from Darwin's own papers or from others, but relating directly to Darwin and not connected to any of the manuscript letters calendared above; and
manuscript correspondence to and from other members of the Darwin family besides Charles Darwin.

There are seven items of the first type. All of these pertain to the case of the inheritance of an injury in a goose, as related to Darwin by Reuben A. Blair in the correspondence with him calendared above. The documents are: 1) a photograph of the deformed goose; 2) a letter from Blair concerning the goose and printed in the Sedalia Democrat; 3) a letter from William Henry Flower to Blair; 4) the report by Flower and his assistant, Dr. Larson, on the wings of the affected geese; 5) a letter from Blair to an unnamed correspondent; and 6) letters exchanged between Blair and Spencer Fullerton Baird of the Smithsonian Institution.

There are twenty items of the second type. These documents are: 1) five leaves from the manuscript of the Origin of Species; 2) a signed page from the manuscript of the Descent of Man; 3) a signed page from some other Darwin manuscript (discusses Catasetum); 4) a printed petition for the endowment of research, issued by J. Norman Lockyer and C. E. Appleton, and signed by Darwin; 5) the final page of the petition for a pension for Alfred Russel Wallace, signed by twelve persons, including Darwin; 6) sketches of Darwin, his wife, grandson, and dog, by Albert Goodwin; 7) documents pertaining to Darwin's funeral in Westminster Abbey (eleven items); 8) inscription from the Carroll # 372 statue of Darwin at Oxford University; 9) a discussion of Darwin's B: D25.176 religion by H. Buxton Forman; and 10) a pass to the Zoological Gardens, issued to James Gough by Darwin.

There are 44 items of the third type, which is too many to list individually here. Members of the Darwin family involved in this correspondence are: Emma Wedgwood Darwin (two letters, correspondence with Mrs. Georgiana Rosetta Smyth Flower and with John Maurice Herbert); Francis Darwin (39 letters, correspondence with Leo Abram Errera, George John Romanes, Thomas Roscoe Rede Stebbing, and Otto Zacharias); and George Howard Darwin (three letters, correspondence with F. W. Surman and Otto Zacharias).

Photocopies of manuscript items

The Library has 26 documents pertaining to Darwin, the originals of which are located elsewhere; only photographically-reproduced paper copies of the documents are at the APS. These fall into two categories: photocopies of manuscript correspondence with Darwin; and photocopies of Darwin-related documents from the papers of Darwin correspondents. In the first category, there are copies of correspondence with the College of Physicians of Philadelphia (one letter), Ignatius Donnelly (two letters), Hugo de Vries (one letter), Benjamin Dann Walsh (eighteen letters), and Jeffries Wyman (two letters). In the second category, there is a photocopy of a letter from Frank J. Mead, editor of the Minneapolis Evening Times, to Ignatius Donnelly, concerning Darwinism and Christianity, and a photocopy of a portion of Donnelly's diary which mentions Darwin.

Microfilms of manuscript items

The Library has nine sets of microfilms of Darwin materials which are on deposit at various institutions all over the world. These films contain the following: 1) correspondence in possession of Down House, Kent (one reel); 2) correspondence in the Robert Stecher Collection at the Cleveland Medical Library Association (one reel); 3) correspondence in the New York Botanical Garden (one reel); letters to Auguste H. Forel, from originals in the Medicinhistorisches Institut, University of Switzerland, and in University of Basel Library (sixteen frames); 4) letters to Bernhard Studer and to A. von Morlot (seven items); 5) letters to J. Moulinie, A. Dohrn, Karl Christoph Vogt, Pictet, and de la Rive, from originals in the Bibliotheque Publique et Universitaire de Geneve (25 letters); 6) notebooks written during the voyage of the Beagle, from Down House, Kent (eighteen notebooks, one reel); 7) diary and correspondence written during the voyage of the Beagle, from Down House, Kent (one reel); and 9) chronology and bibliography of Darwin's life, compiled by Sir Gavin de Beer, containing an incomplete list of all of Darwin's correspondence (two reels).

Photographs and prints

The Library has approximately twelve different photographs and prints of Darwin and of Down House. Some of the best of these are used as illustrations in this calendar.

Books

There are about 150 copies of various editions of Darwin's works in the Library, plus a fair collection of some of the rarer and/or more significant editions of the works of his correspondents, colleagues, and contemporary naturalists and biologists. Space does not permit a full listing of the 150 works by Darwin in the Library, but it is possible to give some indication of the collection by referring to the number assigned to each edition held by the Library in the standard bibliography of Darwin's works (R. B. Freeman, The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist [London: Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1965]). The "Freeman numbers" of the Library's holdings are given below, without comment.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 16, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 95, 99, 103, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 142, 205, 207, 208, 210, 219, 220, 231, 231n, 232, 234, 246, 247, 250, 255, 269, 281, 283, 292, 297, 298, 303, 305, 308, 309, 311, 314, 315, 319, 332, 333, 334, 343, 344, 345, 346, 349, 359, 361, 362, 364, 365, 366, 367, 369, 370, 371, 173, 374, 375, 376, 377, 378, 380, 381, 383, 396, 405, 406, 407, 409, 411, 416, 425, 426, 432, 445, 447, 452, 454, 458, 461, 464, 468, 471, 473, 476, 477, 492, 503, 507, 508, 512, 513, 517, 530, 541.

In addition to these editions, the Library has at least 26 editions of Darwin's works not listed in Freeman.

Subject card catalogs

For a great many years, the Library has maintained subject card catalogs on Darwinism. These catalogs list any published work among the Library's holdings which mentions or discusses Darwin and/or Darwinism. They provide an unparalleled source for study of the influence of Darwin upon society and upon Western thought. There is one card catalog for books, containing approximately 2,800 entries, and another for journal articles, containing approximately 1,000 entries.

An effort has been made to make this appendix as complete as possible, but as the Library is constantly adding to its Darwin holdings, the careful scholar is warned that this compendium will be out of date in a short time.

Other Darwin Letters in the Greater Philadelphia Area

It is expected that this calendar will render unnecessary many visits to Philadelphia by Darwin scholars which would have been mandatory otherwise. While this is a beneficial result of the publication of this book, it is not without its harmful side effects. The worst of these would have been that the many miscellaneous Darwin materials in other institutions in the Philadelphia area might be neglected; this appendix is designed to prevent this by listing the results of a search by mail for other manuscript Darwin letters in select institutions in the greater Philadelphia area.

To conduct the search, a form letter was sent to the 31 institutions in the area judged by the editor to be the most likely to possess Darwin letters. Thirty institutions replied; they are listed below, and the name of the person responding is given for each institution.

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (Martha T. Pilling, Library Assistant)
Bryn Mawr College Library (James Tanis, Head Librarian)
Bucknell University (George M. Jenks, Librarian, Ellen Clarke Bertrand Library)
College of Physicians of Philadelphia (Ellen G. Gartrell, Assistant Curator, Historical)
Dickenson College (Danna Spitzform, Assistant to the Curator, Special Collections, Boyd Lee Spahr Library)
Drexel University (Michael Halperin, Archives and Special Collection)
Eleutherian Mills Historical Library (Betty-Bright P. Low, Research and Reference Librarian)
Franklin and Marshall College (Frances L. Hopkins, Reference Librarian, Fackenthal Library)
The Franklin Institute (Stephanie A. Morris, Associate Archivist)
Free Library of Philadelphia (Howell J. Heaney, Rare Book Librarian)
Hahnemann Medical College Library (Barbara Williams, Acting Librarian)
Haverford College Library (Edwin B. Bronner, Librarian)
Historical Society of Delaware (Gladys M. Coghlan)
Jefferson Medical College Library (Robert T. Lentz, Librarian)
Lafayette College (Ronald E. Robbins, Reference Librarian, David Bishop Skillman Library)
Lehigh University (James D. Mack, Director of University Libraries, Linderman Library)
Library Company of Philadelphia (Edwin Wolf, II, Librarian)
Pennsylvania State University (Dorrie Evans, Rare Books and Special Collections, Fred Lewis Pattee Library)
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science Library (Elizabeth W. J. Chase, Librarian)
Princeton University Library (Mardel Pacheco, Assistant to Curator of Manuscripts)
Philip H. and A. S. W. Rosenbach Foundation Museum and Library (Clive E. Driver, Director)
Saint Joseph's College (Josephine Savaro, Head Librarian, Drexel Library)
Swarthmore College (Judith Pullam, Administrative Assistant, Thomas E. and Jeanette L. McCabe Library)
Temple University (Thomas M. Whitehead, Head, Special Collections Department, Samuel Paley Library)
University of Delaware Libraries (Stuart Dick, Special Collections, Hugh M. Morris Library)
University of Pennsylvania Libraries (Neda Westlake, Rare Book Collection)
Ursinus College (Calvin D. Yost, Jr., Librarian, Myrin Library)
Villanova University (Mary A. Dorrian, Readers Service, Falvey Memorial Library)
Wagner Free Institute of Science (Robert Chambers, Director)
and Widener College (Lee C. Brown, Librarian, Wolfgram Memorial Library)

The editor is grateful for the cooperation of these institutions and individuals.

Twenty-four letters of Charles Darwin were produced by the search. They are listed below, in chronological order.

1838 January 23 Sunday, to John Stevens Henslow; Al, S by init.; 4p.; courtesy of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
1843 July 19th, to Ernest Dieffenbach; ALS; 2p.; courtesy of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
1853 Jan. 10th, to Albany Hancock; ALS; 4p.; courtesy of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
?1854 Nov. 20th, to John Stevens Henslow; ALS; 2p.; courtesy of the Princeton University Library.
1860 March. 4th, to Joseph Leidy; ALS; 4p.; courtesy of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (see their Collection 1). See calendar entry for this letter (number 202), page 69, above.
1860 May 8., to the Secretary of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; ALS; 1p.; courtesy of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (see their Collection 330).
1862 April 25th, to Heinrich Georg Bronn; ALS; 6p.; courtesy of Lehigh University.
1871 July 1, to?; ALS; 1p.; courtesy of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
1872 Oct. 10th, to Alpheus Hyatt; ALS; 4p.; courtesy of the Princeton University Library (see the Hyatt and Mayer Correspondence).
1873 Feb 19, to William M. Canby; LS; 3p.; William M. Canby Correspondence, Society of Natural History of Delaware Archives, on deposit at the Historical Society of Delaware.
1873 May 7, to William M. Canby; LS; 2p.; William M. Canby Correspondence, Society of Natural History of Delaware Archives, on deposit at the Historical Society of Delaware.
1874 May 11, to Thomas Lauder Brunton; LS; 4p.; courtesy of the Princeton University Library.
1874 June 30., to?; LS; 2p.; courtesy of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia.
1875 Oct. 30th, to Messrs. Smith & Elder; ALS; 1p.; courtesy of Lehigh University.
1876 Aug. 21st, to Messrs. Smith & Elder; ALS; 1p.; courtesy of Lehigh University.
1876 Nov. 20th, to?; LS; 2p.; original in private possession of Dr. Seymour Adelman, c/o James Tanis, Head Librarian, Bryn Mawr College Library.
1877 March 7., to Messrs. Smith & Elder; LS; 4p.; courtesy of Lehigh University.
1877 June 6th, to?; ALS; 1p.; courtesy of Haverford College Library (Charles Roberts Autograph Letters Collection).
1880 Nov. 5, to?; ALS; 1p.; courtesy of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
1882 Feb 22, to?; LS; 4p.; courtesy of Princeton University Library (privately owned; from the private library of William H. Scheide, Princeton, New Jersey; no connection with Princeton University Library).
n.y. April 6th., to?; ALS; 3p.; courtesy of Lehigh University.
n.y. May 7, to?; ALS; 1p.; courtesy of Philip Schwartz, M.D., Medical Research Director, Warren State Hospital, Warren, Pennsylvania (privately owned by Dr. Schwartz).
n.y. Oct 2d., to?; ALS; 1p.; courtesy of Lehigh University.
n.y. Oct 14th, to "Madam"; ALS; 2p.; courtesy of Lehigh University.

All letters are listed with the permission of their owners, for which permission the editor is grateful.

References

Burkhardt, Frederick, The Correspondence of Charles Darwin (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ., 1985-). Currently 12 vols. See The Darwin Correspondence Project (http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/Departments/Darwin/pubns.html).

Footnotes

¹ This is no place for a systematic review of the literature, but here are some examples: on the origins of Darwin's ideas, see recent articles by Barbara G. Beddall, Sandra Herbert, and Joel S. Schwartz in the Journal of the History of Biology, and Camille Limoges, La sélection naturelle: C tude sur la premiére constitution d'un concept (1837-1859) (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1970); on Darwin's method, see Michael T. Ghiselin, The Triumph of the Darwinian Method (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1969), and Stephen Jay Gould, "Darwin's `Big Book'," Science, N.Y., 188 (1975): 824-26; on the dissemination and early reception of Darwin's ideas, see Thomas F. Glick, ed., The Comparative Reception of Darwinism (Austin, Texas: Univ. of Texas Press, 1974), and David L. Hull, Darwin and His Critics: The Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by the Scientific Community (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1973); on the ultimate acceptance of Darwinism, see William B. Provine, The Origins of Theoretical Population Genetics (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1971); on the enlightenment of modern scientists, besides the numerous examples in population genetics, see Paul Ekman, ed., Darwin and Facial Expression: A Century of Research in Review (New York: Academic Press, 1973).

² Some recent published transcriptions of Darwin's manuscripts include, in chronological order of publication: Barlow, ed., Autobiography; Darwin and Henslow; Howard E. Gruber, Darwin on Man: A Psychological Study of Scientific Creativity, Together with Darwin's Early and Unpublished Notebooks, transcribed and annotated by Paul H. Barrett (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1974); and Stauffer, ed., CD's Nat. Selection. This list is hardly exhaustive. See note 16 for recent printings of Darwin's letters.

³ Thomas Jefferson to Robert Walsh, April 5, 1823, as quoted in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd, et. al. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1950-), I, xi.

⁴ Nora Barlow, ed., Autobiography.

⁵ Darwin to Lyell, Sept. 12, [1860], APS; see below, p. 85. (This and other examples of Darwin's letters used in the introduction are selected from unpublished portions of letters now in the American Philosophical Society; they illustrate the wealth of material edited out of previously published versions of Darwin's letters.) The passage on Ammonites which is being corrected is in Darwin, Origin (1859 or 1860), 321-22; according to Peckham, Variorum Origin, 531-32, lines 78-83, Darwin never brought his published claim regarding Ammonites into agreement with the admissions made to Lyell in this letter.

⁶ For example, in a letter to Lyell dated November 18, 1849, and printed in More Letters, II, 130-31, letter 486, Darwin wrote that "without most distinct evidence I will never admit that a dike joins on rectangularly to a stream of lava." Sixteen days later, in a letter dated December 4, he retreated somewhat from this position: "I remember in my last letter talking very big about dikes never being connected directly (i.e. rectangularly) with lava-streams; but it is clear that such occur frequently at the Sandwich Is[lan]ds without any cones." Although he continues by claiming that the situation at the Sandwich Islands [i.e. Hawaii] is "a rare exceptional case", Darwin clearly is amending his earlier claim. The December 4 letter has not been published before. See below, pp. 32-34.

⁷ Darwin to Lyell, December 4, [1860], APS, see below, pp. 89-90.

⁸ Just after the Origin was published, during the period when reviews of the book began to appear, Darwin told Asa Gray, "I have made up my mind to be well abused; but I think it of importance that my notions sh[oul]d be read by intelligent men, accustomed to scientific argument though not naturalists. It may seem absurd, but I think such men will drag after them those naturalists, who have too firmly fixed in their heads that a species is an entity." (Darwin to Asa Gray, December 21, [1859], Gray Herbarium, Harvard University; printed in Life and Letters II, 244-45; text above from manuscript letter.) In this passage, Darwin implied that his evolutionary "notions" were revolutionary in nature, at least among naturalists, and that he expected his supporters to come from outside the community of naturalists. How important a role he foresaw for these supporters is revealed four months later in his remark to Lyell that "the non-comittal [sic] men do not always most help a science." (Darwin to Lyell, April 27/28, [1860], APS, see below, p. 76.) Darwin reiterates this view and identifies some of his supporters in May when he writes to Lyell: "I can very plainly see, as I lately told [Joseph Dalton] Hooker, that my Book would have been & [would] be a mere flash in the pan, were it not for you, Hooker & a few others." (Darwin to Lyell, May 18, [1860], APS, see below, p. 78.) A month later-ironically on the eve of the historic Oxford meeting of the B.A.A.S. at which the Origin was debated so hotly-Darwin despaired of the rapid conversion of naturalists through the intercession of supporters, arguing instead that "time alone will bring naturalists round, when they find that they can explain many facts on such views as mine, & cannot on view of creation." (Darwin to Lyell, [June] 25, [1860], APS, see below, p. 82.) It is almost as if Darwin's practice of population thinking, so well-used on plant and animal species, was being applied to scientific communities; social historians and sociologists of science may find this of some interest, as might some philosophers of science. The foregoing is not meant, of course, to delineate the recent historiography of the social side of Darwin studies; for a stimulating marxist treatment of some aspects of this, see Robert Young, "The Historiographic and Ideological Contexts of the Nineteenth-Century Debate on Man's Place in Nature," in MikulC![scaron] Teich and Robert Young, eds., Changing Perspectives in the History of Science: Essays in Honour of Joseph Needham (London: Heinemann, 1973), 344-438, esp. 361-88.

⁹ In a confidence to Lyell in 1860, Darwin revealed his views on the role of priority in science, exposing in the process why he apparently never felt completely comfortable publishing simultaneously with Alfred Russel Wallace in 1858. Regarding a reference to Darwin by Asa Gray in one of the later's works, Darwin wrote: "he put my name before [that of Edward] Forbes on Glacial distribution: & I told him in answer that I had written out the notion 3 or 4 years before Forbes, but that I had no sort of claim to notice on this head, as he published first, & that in the Origin I shd. of course take no notice of this." (Darwin to Lyell, [February] 12, [1860], APS, see below, p. 71.) This gives some indication of Darwin's scrupulous professional ethics. On cirripedes, Darwin's expectations regarding the support he would receive for his radical discoveries were far more limited than were his expectations for his work on the origin of species. When Albany Hancock informed Darwin that he believed in Darwin's discovery of complemental males, Darwin replied that he had "greatly feared tha no one would believe in them; and now I know that [Richard] Owen, [James Dwight] Dana, and yourself are believers, I am most heartily content." (Darwin to Hancock, January 10, [1853], as printed in John Hancock, [ed.], "Letters from C. Darwin, Esq., to A. Hancock, Esq.," Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb., 8, pt. 2 [1886]: 250-78, at 269; original at Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.)

¹⁰ Darwin to Lyell, August 9, [1838], APS, see below, p. 4. Although Darwin probably was not anticipating it here, FitzRoy committed suicide in 1865.

¹¹ Darwin to Lyell, July 30, [1860], APS, see below, p. 83.)

¹² In 1860, for example, he wrote Lyell: "I have nothing to say, as I have seen no one (except indeed [Joseph Dalton] Hooker for an hour or two at Kew) for an age." (Darwin to Lyell, July 30, [1860], APS, see below, p. 83.) This letter implies that the content of Darwin's meetings with colleagues forms much of the meat of his letters. Still, Darwin exaggerates in his claim that, when he has seen no one, he has nothing to say.

¹³ For example, we can tell from the letters that Darwin met Lyell in London on February 6, 1845. (Darwin to Lyell, Saturday, [February 8, 1845], APS, see below, pp. 16-17.) Unfortunately, this type of information is sometimes incorrect, either because Darwin would announce a date for a trip to London and then be too ill to travel on the appointed day, which occurred regularly, or because Darwin got his dates mixed up, which occurred very occasionally.

¹⁴ On his daughter's illness, see letters to Lyell during summer of 1860 (Darwin to Lyell, May 18, [1860], et seq., APS; see below, p. 78 ff). See especially: Darwin to Lyell, July 30, [1860], APS, see below, p. 83; and ibid., August 11, [1860], APS, see below, pp. 83-84. The first chapter of Darwin's book on insectivorous plants begins: "During the summer of 1860, I was surprised by finding how large a number of insects were caught by the leaves of the common sun-dew (Drosera rotundifolia) on a heath in Sussex. I had heard that insects were thus caught, but knew nothing further on the subject." (Darwin, Insectivorous Plants [1875], 1.)

¹⁵ On the addition to Down House, see: Darwin to [William] Marshall, September 19, 1876, APS, see below, p. 173, ibid., September 29, [1876], APS, see below, pp. 173-74; and ibid., November 22, [1876], APS, see below, p. 174. On the purchase of an enema, see Darwin to?, November 8, [1871-1875], APS, see below, p. 149.

¹⁶ A great many Darwin letters appear in the three volumes of Life and Letters the two volumes of More Letters, and the two volumes of Emma Darwin. A few of the many locations in which Darwin correspondence has appeared recently are, in chronological order: Gavin de Beer, "Further Unpublished Letters of Charles Darwin," Ann. Sci., 14 (1958): 83-115; idem, ed., "Some Unpublished Letters of Charles Darwin," Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond., 14 (1959); 12-66; Robert M. Stecher, "The Darwin-Innes Letters: The Correspondence of an Evolutionist with His Vicar, 1848-1884," Ann. Sci., 17 (1961): 201-58; Darwin and Henslow; Gavin de Beer, ed., "The Darwin Letters at Shrewsbury School," Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond., 23 (1968): 68-85; Robert M. Stecher, "The Darwin-Bates Letters: Correspondence between Two Nineteenth-Century Travellers and Naturalists," Ann. Sci., 25 (1969): 1-47, 95-125; Paul H. Barrett and Alain F. Corcos, "A Letter from Alexander Humboldt to Charles Darwin," J. Hist. Med., 27 (1972): 159-72; Barbara G. Beddall, " `Notes for Mr. Darwin': Letters to Charles Darwin from Edward Blyth at Calcutta: A Study in the Process of Discovery," Journal of the History of Biology, 6 (1973): 69-95; Thaddeus J. Trenn, "Charles Darwin, Fossil Cirripedes, and Robert Fitch: Presenting Sixteen Hitherto Unpublished Darwin Letters of 1849 to 1851," Proc. Am. phil. Soc., 118 (1974): 471-91; and Lewis S. Feuer, "Is the `Darwin-Marx Correspondence' Authentic?" Ann. Sci., 32 (1975): 1-12. For a reasonably complete, but by no means exhaustive, bibliography of Darwin letters published somewhat earlier, see Gavin de Beer, ed., "Some Unpublished Letters of Charles Darwin," op. cit., this note, 60-62 and 66.

¹⁷ Life and Letters I, iii.

¹⁸ More Letters, I, viii.

¹⁹ Emma Darwin, I, vii. The count of 66 letters is from the privately printed edition, published in 1904; other editions are probably slightly different.

²⁰ Life and Letters I, iv.

²¹ More Letters, I, ix.

²² Emma Darwin, I, ix. Italics added.

²³ See, for example, the statement of the method of dating used by Francis Darwin and Seward (More Letters, I, x). For an example of an improperly dated letter, see Darwin to Asa Gray, April 4, [1858]; this letter is dated "1859" in the first edition of Life and Letters ([1887], II, 154-55), but it is deleted from later editions, probably because Francis Darwin realized that it was improperly dated.

²⁴ See note 16, above.

²⁵ The usual reason for a poor transcription is the inability of the transcriber to read Darwin's handwriting, but still another reason is that thorough editorial standards are usually not employed for the transcription of the small number of letters usually included in these articles. A simple but important example is the use of parentheses instead of brackets around the editorially-added word "Cryptophialus" in the printed text of a letter to Albany Hancock, December 25, [1849], as printed in John Hancock, [ed.], "Letters from C. Darwin, Esq., to A. Hancock, Esq.," Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb., 8 (1886): 250-78, at p. 258; original at APS, see below, p. 34. The unsuspecting scholar without access to the original letter might conclude from the printed text that by 1849 Darwin had identified his Arthrobalanus specimen as a Cryptophialus; this Darwin had not done-and in fact probably did not do until 1853-and realization of this is central to an understanding of Darwin's cirripede work (Thaddeus J. Trenn, "Charles Darwin, Fossil Cirripedes, and Robert Fitch: Presenting Sixteen Hitherto Unpublished Darwin Letters of 1849 to 1851," op. cit., note 16, passim, esp. 472-73 and 472n.

²⁶ In some cases, a trip to Philadelphia might be avoided entirely by the acquisition of photocopies of letters of interest by mail-a practice which the Society wishes to encourage.

²⁷ This unfortunate circumstance results from Darwin's habit of destroying letters received; this practice was not discontinued until 1862, and even after that date Darwin did not save all of his letters. Apparently he did not think of letters in the way Jefferson did when he wrote the passage quoted earlier. (Life and Letters I, v.)

²⁸ Darwin meant that he respected Lyell's scientific and professional judgment above that of all others. See Life and Letters II, 119.

²⁹ See particularly Darwin to Herbert, June 2, 1833, APS, see below, p. 2. The passage in this letter which discusses carnations and peaches shows Darwin's exposure to such subjects at an early age, and indicates that Darwin probably also discussed such topics while at Cambridge.

³⁰ "A Guide to Practical Calendaring," American Archivist, 11 (1948): 123-40, at 127.

³¹ Frank Freidel, ed., Harvard Guide to American History, rev. ed., 2v. (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press, 1974), I, 23.

³² More Letters, I, x.

³³ To the best of the editor's knowledge, this regularity in the Darwin addresses was first discussed and employed for dating purposes by Gavin de Beer; see de Beer, "Some Unpublished Letters of Charles Darwin," op. cit., note 16, 13-14. As de Beer points out, many of the printed versions of the letters give the simple address of "Down", thereby obscuring the variant headings.

³⁴ The editors state this explicitly in More Letters, I, x.

³⁵ The For the sake of argument, traditional forms are enumerated in: Morris L. Radoff, "A Guide to Practical Calendaring," op. cit., note 30; and idem, "A Practical Guide to Calendaring," American Archivist, 11 (1948): 203-22.

Some might also object to the method of production (i.e. photo offset of a carefully-proofed typescript, rather than typeset), but this was necessary to keep the cost per copy down to a level reasonable enough so that scholars could afford personal copies of the calendar.

³⁶ Although it is somewhat out of fashion to give the dimensions -- the argument against inclusion being that, given the disparities of different types of handwriting, size is a poor indicator of length of text -- measurements are given in this calendar because of two special factors: 1) most of the letters in the calendar are in Darwin's hand, so there is an uncommonly good relationship between dimensions and length of text; and 2) the dimensions of Darwin's stationery in some cases can be used to corroborate a determination of a date for an undated letter. For example, a claim that an undated letter on stationery measuring eight by five inches was written in, say, 1860, will be corroborated if other Darwin letters known to have been written around this same date also are written on stationery of the same size. This is by no means a hard and fast rule, however; Darwin apparently reverted to leftover scraps and remainders of old stationery on occasion.

³⁷ Radoff, "A Guide to Practical Calendaring," op. cit., note 30, 134.

³⁸ An example of an editorial addition is the "(forwarded to)" in the address for Herbert in Darwin to Herbert, June, 1832, pp. 1-2 below. An example of a dubious reading is the "(S?)" in the address for Herbert in Darwin to Herbert, [September 13, 1828], p. 1 below. An example of material appearing in parentheses in the original is Lyell's "(105)" in his endorsement of Darwin to Lyell, [December (?19), 1837], p. 4 below.

³⁹ Such marks by Francis Darwin are usually readily distinguishable because they often are written in a distinctive purple ink. Francis Darwin refers to these marks himself in a letter to Léo Abram Errera when he says: "Please excuse the numbers of reference with which I have marked the letters [from Charles Darwin to Errera, which Errera lent to Francis for use in the Life and Letters]." (F. Darwin to Errera, [October 25, 1882]. APS; see appendix below.)

⁴⁰ In addition, despite the many errors and other indications of hurriedness in Darwin's letters, the many corrections in the letters indicate that the meticulous Darwin paid reasonably close attention to details of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and the like. A good illustration of this trait appears in a letter to Lyell in which Darwin tells the geologist that he had misspelled "Van Diemen's Land [i.e. Tasmania]" in a manuscript (Darwin to Lyell, [August 2, 1845], APS, calendar listing below, pp. 17-18; this part of the letter is not brought out in the calendar entry.)

⁴¹ Radoff, "A Guide to Practical Calendaring," op. cit., note 30, 136-40

Purists might not find this calender to their liking. It deviates from traditional practices³⁵ in a number of details, from the distinctive overall format of each of its entries to an unusually liberal use of brackets and inverted commas. These innovations have been dictated by the uncommonly uniform nature of the items analyzed (almost all of them letters written by Darwin), by the peculiar characteristics of Darwin's letters, and by the unique needs of Darwin scholars. In the case of each uncommon procedure, a conscious determination was made that the benefits to be derived by departure from standard practice outweigh the perils and bother incumbent upon readers who must first school themselves in so many unorthodoxies.

Rules followed and usages observed are explained below, in five sections: format of entries -- an extended guide to most of the practices followed; editorial conventions (i.e. treatment of orthography, punctuation, obsolete grammar, and the like in quoted passages); textual devices; descriptive abbreviations of items (e.g. ALS); and printing conventions. The first section, on format, explains what material is discussed in the four sections that follow it. Illustrations of sample manuscript letters are provided (Figs. 3 and 4), so that users may see for themselves how various situations were treated editorially.

The calendar consists of a series of entries numbered consecutively in the left-hand margin. Except where noted, each entry represents one letter or other manuscript item, plus all accompanying enclosures, sketches, and the like. Unless indicated otherwise, all enclosures are in Darwin's hand, unsigned, and on approximately the same size and type of paper as the letters with which they are enclosed. Each entry consists of four parts: date; description of item(s); abstract, including publication information, if any; and annotations, if any. Each section is separated from the others by a blank line; otherwise, the entries are single space.

Arrangement of the parts of the entry in this way was decided upon to facilitate special treatment of certain unique aspects of the Darwin materials. Although the date of an entry is usually placed in the margin in other calendars, it has been given its own line in this calendar so that endorsements, postmarks, and watermarks could be included in full; scholars long accustomed to undated or ambiguously-dated Darwin letters will find this feature useful for checking the dates assigned to undated or incompletely dated letters. The part consisting of the date always contains the year, month, day, and (if provided by Darwin) the day of the week, in that order, on which the letter was written, followed by endorsements, postmarks, watermarks, and other information pertaining to date; such additional dating aids are always given as nearly exactly as possible to how they were on the original, and they are preceded by abbreviations identifying each (e.g. "wmk." precedes the watermark). Editorial conventions and textual devices used with the date are discussed below in two special sections on such matters.

The description, comprising the second part of each entry, is in two sections. The first section gives, as a first element, the full name of the other principal for the item besides Darwin, and it indicates whether this person is the author or the recipient of the item. This first element would thus read "To Charles LYELL" for a letter from Darwin to Lyell. Note that the last name of the principal is given entirely in upper case letters to facilitate scanning of the entries. (This is only done for individuals.) The second element of the first section of the description provides Darwin's address at the time of writing, as indicated by Darwin himself at the head of each letter. If the address is one of the variants of Darwin's Down address, it will be given as "Down", followed by an indication of the number of the variant type that appears (see p. xxiii, above). Thus, if Darwin wrote "Down Bromley Kent" on a given letter, for example, this will be indicated by "Down (type 2)". If Darwin's whereabouts are not indicated, this will be signified by "no location". If the stationery used has a black mourning border, or if an ink of a distinctive color was used by the author in the writing of the letter, this will be noted in parentheses following the indication of Darwin's location. The two elements of the first section are separated from each other by a semicolon.

The second section of the description begins a new line below the first section. It consists of three parts: the descriptive abbreviation for the item (e.g. ALS); the dimensions of the item, in inches, with vertical dimension given first³⁶; and the number of pages of text, rounded up to the nearest whole number of pages. Descriptive abbreviations used are discussed in a separate section below. If there is an envelope, enclosure, or sketch, or if there is an address for, or an endorsement by, the recipient, this will be indicated following the number of pages. If the text of the letter indicates that there should be an enclosure, but there is none, this will be indicated by the phrase "(enclosure wanting)" following the number of pages. If the address for or the endorsement by the recipient occupies a separate page from the pages of text, indication of such address or endorsement will be separated from indication of the number of pages by "and". If such address and/or endorsement is written on the same page as a page of text, indication of such address or endorsement will be separated from indication of the number of pages by a comma. Thus, if a four-page letter, for example, has an endorsement on the top of the first page, above the text, it will be indicated "4p., end."; if the endorsement is on a separate, fifth page, it will be indicated "4p. and end." In other words, readers should always assume that the use of a comma in this instance means that the additional portion of the item is substantively, but not physically, distinct from what procedes the comma; use of the word "and" instead of a comma means that the additional portion is both substantively and physically distinct.

When there is either an address for Darwin's correspondent or an endorsement, it is reproduced fully in brackets following the indication of its existance. As there is such a large number of misspellings in these addresses and endorsements, "sic" was not employed to indicate them. Readers may assume a misspelling to have been made by Darwin or his correspondent. No attempt was made to identify with certainty the handwriting of endorsements, although those endorsements provided in the calendar are usually in the hands of Darwin's correspondents. As in the case of the date for each item, editorial conventions and textual devices used in the descriptive part of each entry are discussed below in the special sections on such matters.

The third part of each entry contains the abstract -- the real meat of the item. Radoff claims that "the question of how full the abstract should be has long been the bC*te noire of calendarers,"³⁷ and no statement about calendaring could be truer. After much consideration, reasonably full abstracts were deemed desirable, but a price -- namely the deletion of all textual matter which is published faithfully elsewhere and the rendering of the remaining textual matter in a complex way which is not exceptionally easy to read -- had to be paid for this comprehensiveness, so that the length of the calendar would not be prohibitive. Accordingly, if it is known that the item or any part of it has been published, a simple reference to the location of the printed text will be made in lieu of an abstract of this portion of text. As the completeness and the accuracy of such printed texts varies considerably, however, a series of standardized phrases are employed in the references to the locations of the printed texts, and substantive corrections are supplied. These standardized phrases -- arbitrarily designated as "printing conventions" -- are designed to convey a rough idea of the accuracy and the completeness of the printed texts; they are discussed below in a special section. The substantive corrections -- including abstracts of substantive deleted portions -- follow reference to the location of the printed text. Corrections are keyed into the printed text by reference to the page and line of printed text being corrected. If necessary to avoid ambiguity, the exact location within the given line also is provided. When there is other material on the same printed page as a letter which is being corrected, and a correction is indicated for, say, line 15, the reader should begin counting lines only where the text of the incorrect letter begins: in other words, in this case "line 15" means "line 15 of the letter being corrected," not "line 15 from the top of the page."

If no published version of any part of the item is known, an abstract of the entire text is provided. The abstracts treat every topic in the original texts; topics are usually (but not always) presented in the order in which Darwin presented them. Each abstract consists of a series of statements (not necessarily whole sentences) connected by semicolons. When a clause begins with a singular indicative verb (e.g. "asks") and no subject of the verb is given, Darwin is implied as the subject. When the verb is not singular and indicative (e.g. "ask"), it should be read as a command to the recipient. Substantial quotation is employed. Superscript arabic numerals in this and the preceding parts of each entry indicate substantial editorial additions and refer to the correspondingly numbered notes in the fourth part of the entry. Other editorial conventions and textual devices employed in this part of each entry are discussed below in special sections.

The fourth and final part of each entry consists of annotations to the preceding three parts. An effort was made to identify every reference to persons, places, things, publications, and events; if any of these is not identified clearly in an entry, the reader can assume that research upon it proved unsuccessful. Annotations contain the minimum of explanation or interpretation, for this is not the responsibility of an editor; primary objectives of the calendar annotations were identification and description.

Biographical information is not provided in the annotations to each entry, as this would have necessitated a great many biographical notes for each person, one for each entry in which he or she is mentioned. Instead, biographical information is provided in the biographical notes following the calendar.

Numbering of the annotations begins afresh for each entry. Sometimes one note (usually the first one) relates to more than one location in the entry, usually because a single annotation can explain how both the date and the recipient of the item were determined in the absence of explicit information in the original. To save space, and to avoid an excessive number of annotations, certain information such as Christian names and titles of books are provided in the abstract rather than in the notes wherever this information can be worked into the abstract reasonably smoothly. Use of the word "perhaps" in a note indicates that the material in the note is conjectural.

To some degree, the letters annotate each other, since there is often a run of letters on the same subject. Cross-references between two or more letters in which the same subject is discussed are kept to a minimum. Generally, those letters which are obviously part of a series of exchanges between Darwin and a given correspondent on some particular and very definite topic are referred only to the next earlier letter on the same topic. This allows readers to trace an exchange on a given topic backwards through time, once the last letter of the series is found.

Should readers wish at this time to see an example of the layout of the four parts of each entry, a good letter for study is that to Lyell dated August 25, [1845]; its entry is on page 18 below, and the first page of the manuscript letter is reproduced as Figure 3. This letter not only provides an example of the four parts of each entry but also allows readers to compare a typical calendar abstract against the original manuscript, thereby getting some notion of the thoroughness and reliability of the abstracts.

Additional discussions of minutiae of editorial policy appear at the head of the list of acronyms, abbreviations, and short titles given below, as well as at the head of the biographical notes following the calendar. Finally, in those few locations where editorial additions might easily be interpreted as part of the original item, the initials of the editor ("PTC") have been added to identify the material as editorially added.

A calendar, unlike a letterpress edition, provides comprehensive faithfulness to the original manuscript only in certain portions of each entry. This imposes upon the calendarer the additional preliminary editorial chore of indicating precisely which parts of each entry are direct quotations from the original and which are not. In this calendar, an attempt has been made to preserve in each entry as much as possible of the original manuscript.

Subject to the editorial conventions to be outlined below, the following portions of each entry are to be considered as exact transcriptions from the original Darwin letter: the date (i.e. the first part of the entry), including watermarks, postmarks, and endorsements; the name of Darwin's correspondent (i.e. the first element of the first section of the description); Darwin's address (i.e. the second element of the first section of the description), except where the address was a variant Down address, in which case the shorthand form described earlier is used; the endorsement and the address of Darwin's correspondent, if these are provided in the original; those portions of the abstract which are enclosed in inverted commas (hereafter referred to as "quoted portions"); and the factual data (dates, names, titles of books, etc.) in those portions of the abstract not enclosed in inverted commas (i.e. "unquoted portions"). Only the earliest decipherable postmark is provided, and only that portion of a watermark indicating the date is given.

In each of these exactly-transcribed locations -- with the exception of addresses, endorsements, postmarks, and watermarks, which are discussed below -- the following rules apply: if the word, phrase, or clause is doubtful, the passage in doubt is enclosed in brackets and followed by a question mark ("?"). When more than one reading is plausible, the several readings are all enclosed in a single set of brackets, and each reading is followed by its own question mark (e.g. "[these? those?]"). Editorial additions are enclosed in brackets without a question mark. If the editorial addition is conjectural, it will be enclosed in brackets and preceded by a question mark. Deletions from the text are denoted by ellipsis points ("..."). Passages in parentheses are parenthetical matter from the original. See the section of textual devices below for a graphic representation of these rules.

Exception to these rules must be made in the case of addresses, endorsements, postmarks, and watermarks because, although they are faithful transcriptions of the original manuscript, these elements are always enclosed within brackets, as a matter of course, in order to set them off from contiguous matter of a different nature. To be specific, watermarks and postmarks are given with the date provided by Darwin; they are enclosed in brackets to prevent their being confused with the date which Darwin himself wrote. Similarly, addresses and endorsements are inserted as part of the description of the item; they are bracketed to set them off from this descriptive matter, the latter having been added editorially. In these special cases, matter in parentheses consists of either portions which are added by the calendarer, are dubious readings, or are found in parentheses in the original; which of these alternatives applies in each case is either clear from the context or is explained by a note.³⁸ Also, in these places where the bracket rules are exceptional, deletions are still denoted by ellipsis points and question marks preceding and following passages have the same meaning as in other locations. In the address for and the endorsement by Darwin's correspondent, as well as in the postmark, transition from one line of manuscript to the next is indicated by the slash ("/"); these transitions are not noted in any other portion of each entry.

In all locations, titles of office, such as "Mr.", "Mrs.", "Capt.", or Sir", are omitted except in cases in which Darwin gave such titles in the original and the title is or may be important in identifying the person to whom it refers. Also, occasionally a title of office (esp. titles of rank or royalty such as "Captain", "Colonel", or "Lady") will be retained to set endpoints for an otherwise undated letter by reference to the years during which the person had the title. (This only works, of course, if the person in question was elevated to a higher rank at a later time; otherwise, one might keep the same title for life.)

Names of persons are given fully enough in each location in which they appear so that a positive identification can be made. Those parts of the full name not provided by Darwin are, of course, enclosed in brackets. Sometimes, when necessary to distinguish between two persons with the same name (e.g. father and son), a title of honor or other distinguishing appellation will be annexed in brackets to the name, even if the title had not been conferred at the time the letter was written. An example of such an anachronistic usage is the addition of "Baron Avebury" to the name of John William Lubbock the younger (1834-1913) whenever it appears in letters written before he became a baron. Another anachronistic practice is the inclusion of a woman's married name before the date of her marriage (e.g. "Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield" before her marriage to Litchfield). In the case of multiple appearances of the same person's name in a single letter, the full name will be given only at the first encounter; succeeding references will be to surname only.

In the quoted portions of the abstract, Darwin's marginal notes, postscripts, stray marks, and marginal additions are inserted into the text of the letter without comment if the proper and precise location for them in the text has been indicated by Darwin and is readily identifiable. Otherwise, editorial comments describe roughly where such passages appear in the manuscript. In contrast, extraneous marks made by unknown third parties or by autograph dealers, or numbers and names written by Francis Darwin as part of his compilation scheme for Life and Letters (e.g. the "Denny 5" at the top of Fig. 2a) are not recorded.³⁹ In some cases, deciding whether a stray mark was an endorsement or an extraneous mark of some later handler was very difficult, and a subjective decision had to be made; at all times, an effort was made to be as systematic as possible.

Darwin's cancellations (i.e. strike-outs) generally are omitted silently from the quoted portions, since they are usually trivial. In those few cases where a cancellation is retained, it is enclosed in brackets with an editorial comment indicating that it is a cancellation. Passages inserted between lines by Darwin are inserted silently into the text whenever Darwin indicated that they should be inserted.

The original punctuation, grammar, capitalization, and orthography are retained in all passages which are transcribed exactly from the original, with the following exceptions. Superfluous dashes at the close of sentences are usually deleted silently, although a few are kept to retain the Victorian flavor. Colons at the ends of abbreviations are changed to periods. Raised or superscript letters, such as were often found at the ends of abbreviations in nineteenth century correspondence, are silently lowered. Ligatures are silently expanded to two letters, and the elongated "s" is modernized silently. The ampersand ("&") and forms based upon it, such as "&c." for "et cetera", are retained. Other abbreviations in the original are usually expanded, with the added portions enclosed in brackets; in such cases of expansion, the period at the end of the abbreviation is silently deleted.

These few rules help keep the quoted portions as close to the original as is reasonably possible. The reason for such excessive faithfulness to the manuscript is that, since Darwin's penmanship is so poor, a great amount of deviation from the original might make it difficult for scholars unfamiliar with Darwin's hand to trace back from the choppy text of the abstract to either the original manuscript or a facsimile of it.⁴⁰ Such difficulty would be compounded, of course, if the scholar could see only a photocopy or microfilm, since -- unavoidably -- such facsimiles are often somewhat less readable than the already difficult manuscript. In some cases, however, such meticulous faithfulness to the original forces deviations from standard practices (e.g. titles of books not underlined). These are allowed to stand without comment where their meaning is not ambiguous; if there is any question as to Darwin's meaning (e.g. if the word "Origin" may or may not refer to the Origin of Species), any information which could be found to resolve the ambiguity is added in brackets or in a note.

Regarding unquoted portions of the abstract, the original phraseology of the item is often employed without comment, in an effort to minimize the distortion that inevitably results from summarization. In such unquoted portions, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization are modernized and converted to American forms.

Examples of the application of many of these editorial conventions can be observed by comparison of the following three versions of the letter from Darwin to Lyell, Friday, [June 25, 1858]: 1) the calendar entry, page 56; 2) the first five pages of manuscript for this letter, reproduced as Figure 4; and 3) the printed text on pages 117-18 of volume 2 of Life and Letters. This will show the relative thoroughness with which a printed text has been corrected in the abstract, the relative faithfulness with which the quoted portions of the abstract follow the original text, and the relative amount of condensation which occurs when passages of the original are reduced to unquoted portions of the abstract.

Textual Devices



...	Portion of original text is deleted.
/	End of a manuscript line; used only for postmarks, and for addresses of and endorsements by Darwin's correspondents.
[ ]	Editorial addition.
[ ?]	Conjectural reading.
[? ]	Conjectural editorial addition
( )	Parenthetical marks found in original text, except when used in conjunction with addresses, endorsements, postmarks, and watermarks. (See text for explanation of these exceptions.)
[CD brackets]	Bracketed entry which immediately precedes this textual device is a bracketed parenthetical remark in the original text.

Descriptive abbreviations always indicate three things: the type of document being calendared; whether or not the document is in the hand of the author of the document; and the presence or absence of the author's signature. Sometimes they also give additional information, such as indication that the signature is in the form of initials only. These abbreviations are more-or-less standardized among archivists, and they are discussed elsewhere in considerable detail,⁴¹ so only a brief explanation of them is provided below. Those unfamiliar with such abbreviations may consult the more extended discussion published elsewhere for details.

As used in this calendar, descriptive abbreviations consist of a combination of one or more basic abbreviations (usually each basic abbreviation is a single letter) into a composite abbreviation which fully describes the document being calendared. The basic abbreviations used are the following:

A	Autograph; the defitem is written in the hand of the author.
add.	Address; the address of the recipient has been provided.
by init.	By initials; the signature consists only of the author's initials.
D	Document; the defitem is a writing of some sort, but is not a letter or a note, and it is in reasonably final form.
end.	Endorsement; a brief note written on the defitem by the recipient.
L	Letter; the defitem is a written communication of some length.
N	Note; the defitem is a very short written communcation.
p.c.	Postal card; the defitem has been written upon a standard postal card.
S	Signed; the defitem has been signed by its author.
sketch	Sketch; part of the defitem is a drawing in the hand of the author.
T	Typed; the defitem has been typed rather than written.

These basic forms can be combined to form composite abbreviations which describe the item being calendared. It would be foolish to list all the possible permutations of the basic forms here, especially since the many possible composite abbreviations can be suggested well by a few examples, such as the following: "ALS" indicates a holograph letter signed by the author; "LS" indicates a letter signed by the author but written in the hand of an amanuensis; "AN on p.c., S by init." indicates a holograph note written on a postal card and initialed, but not signed in full, by the author. The other possible combinations should follow logically from these examples, especially if readers keep in mind the following rule of thumb: assume that the author or composer of the item had nothing to do with the actual writing of the item unless indicated otherwise.

Since many of the letters in the calendar have been published in whole or in part, and since both the completeness and the accuracy of these printed versions vary considerably, the following conventional phrases have been employed to indicate roughly how well the printed versions resemble the original letters. The conventions were devised so that -- in the absence of contrary indications -- the reader may assume that only a part of the item being calendared has been printed. The reader may further assume that no alterations of the original text have been made in the printed version; if, on the other hand, alterations are indicated, the reader may assume that these changes are of a serious nature, unless a contrary indication is provided. The conventions are listed in descending order of resemblance to the original (assuming changes to be more odious than omissions):


Printed in facsimile	The manuscript letter is photographically reproduced.
Printed in full	The item is fully and faithfully transcribed in the printed version.
Printed in full, with minor changes	The item is fully transcribed in the printed version, but changes in such details as punctuation, spelling, capitalization, inclusion or deletion of articles of speech, or ungrammatical usages have been made without comment; in some cases, minor words may be incorrectly transcribed, but no alteration of Darwin's intended meaning has resulted.
Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions	The item is almost fully transcribed in the printed version; those portions which are missing are not significant and do not concern a subject not mentioned in the printed version; those portions which are printed contain changes in the text as described in "Printed in full, with minor changes" above.
Printed	The item is not fully transcribed in the printed version; those portions which are missing are significant and/or concern a subject not mentioned in the printed version; those portions which are printed are fully and faithfully transcribed.
Printed, with minor changes	The item is not fully transcribed: missing portions are significant and/or concern a subject not mentioned in the printed portion; those portions which are printed contain changes in the transcript as described in "Printed in full, with minor changes" above.
Printed in full, with changes	The item is fully transcribed, but serious changes have been made which may affect the meaning of all or part of the text.
Printed, with changes and minor omissions	The item is almost fully transcribed; missing portions are not significant and do not concern a subject not mentioned in the printed portion; those portions which are printed contain changes in the transcript as described in "Printed in full, with changes" above.
Printed, with changes	The item is not fully transcribed; missing portions are significant and/or concern a subject not mentioned in the printed portion; those portions which are printed contain changes in the transcript as described in "Printed in full, with changes" above.

Corrections provided in the abstracts are designed to rectify the changes and major omissions. When a major omission has been rectified in the abstract, the printed version is described as having only minor omissions.

Abbreviations of periodical titles not listed below may be found in the World List of Scientific Periodicals, 1900-1960, fourth edition. Abbreviations of titles not found in the World List were derived by the editor by using the system of abbreviation described in the World List; the resultant abbreviated titles are listed below. This rather unorthodox approach to abbreviating periodicals in an American publication (i.e. using an English source for abbreviations rather than, say, the Union List of Serials) was employed because the World List, unlike other sources, includes many of the more obscure titles cited by Darwin, and also because the World List abbreviations seem to the author to be the most systematic, consistent, and understandable of any yet devised.

With exceptions noted below, Darwin titles are shortened to the forms used as headings in Part 2 of R.B. Freeman, The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist, [first edition] (London: Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1965). For each Darwin work cited, the short title and the year of publication only are given, except in cases in which more than one issue of that title appear in the given year; in such cases, the number of the issue used, as found in the Freeman Handlist, is also provided. In places where only the short title and the year appear, and Freeman indicates that more than one issue of that title appeared in that year, the reader may assume that what is said applies to all of these issues or variants.

Common abbreviations, such as "univ." for "university", are omitted, of course.

AAAS	American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Abstr. Pap. Communicated R. Soc. Lond.	Abstracts of Papers Communicated to the Royal Society of London (usually considered to be volumes five and six of the Proceedings, 1843 to 1854).
APS	American Philosophical Society, Held at Philadelphia, for Promoting Useful Knowledge.
B.A.A.S.	British Association for the Advancement of Science.
Barlow, ed., Autobiography	Charles Darwin, The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809-1882, with Original Omissions Restored, edited with appendix and notes by... Nora Barlow [Freeman 371] (London: Collins, 1958).
Brit. for. med.-chir. Rev.	British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review.
CD	Charles Robert Darwin, 1809-1882.
Can. Naturalist	Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science, with Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Montreal.
corr.	correspondent.
DAB	Dictionary of American Biography.
Darwin, Coral Reefs	The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, Being the First Part of the Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle... (London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1842).
Darwin, Fossil Balanidae	Charles Darwin, A Monograph on the Fossil Balanidae and Verrucidae of Great Britain [Freeman 105, v. 2] (London: Palaeontographical Society, 1854).
Darwin, Fossil Lepadidae	Charles Darwin, A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidae, or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain [Freeman 105, v. 1] (London: Palaeontographical Society, 1851).
Darwin, Origin (year)	Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, edition and issue determined by year of publication and, if necessary, by Freeman number.
Darwin, Recent Balanidae	Charles Darwin, A Monograph on the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of All the Species: The Balanidae, (or Sessile Cirripedes); The Verrucidae, etc., etc., etc. [Freeman 103, v. 2] (London: The Ray Society, 1854).
Darwin, Recent Lepadidae	Charles Darwin, A Monograph on the Sub-class Cirripedia, with Figures of All the Species: The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes [Freeman 103, v. 1] (London: The Ray Society, 1851).
Darwin, South America	Charles Darwin, Geological Observations on South America, Being the Third Part of the Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle... (London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1846).
Darwin, Volcanic Islands	Charles Darwin, Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands, Visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, Together with Some Brief Notices on the Geology of Australia and the Cape of Good Hope, Being the Second Part of the Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle... (London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1844).
Darwin and Henslow	Nora Barlow, ed., Darwin and Henslow: The Growth of an Idea. Letters, 1831-1860 (London: Bentham-Moxon Trust, John Murray, 1967).
DNB	Dictionary of National Biography.
DSB	Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
Edinb. J. nat. geogrl Sci.	Edinburgh Journal of Natural and Geographical Science.
Edinb. new phil. J.	Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal.
Edinb. Rev.	Edinburgh Review.
Emma Darwin	H. E. Litchfield, ed., Emma Darwin, Wife of Charles Darwin: A Century of Family Letters, 2v., privately printed [Freeman 359] (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1904).
FGS	Fellow of the Geological Society of London.
FLS	Fellow of the Linnean Society, London.
Fortn. Rev.	Fortnightly Review.
FRCP	Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London.
Freeman	R. B. Freeman, The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist (London: Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1965).
FRS	Fellow of the Royal Society of London.
FRSE	Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
FZS	Fellow of the Zoological Society of London.
Handlist of Darwin Papers	Handlist of Darwin Papers at the University Library Cambridge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960).
iss.	issue.
J. R. geogrl Soc. Lond.	Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, London.
Larousse	Pierre Larousse, Grand Dictionnaire Universel du XIXe SiC(cle....
Life and Letters	Francis Darwin, ed., The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Including an Autobiographical Chapter, 3v. [Either Freeman 346 (first edition, 1887) or Freeman 349 (seventh thousand revised, 1888)] (London: John Murray, 1887 or 1888). A simple Life and Letters citation, therefore, indicates that the citation is correct for either of the two editions listed above; compare this with the next entry below.
Life and Letters (seventh thousand revised, 1888)	Francis Darwin, ed., The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Including an Autobiographical Chapter, seventh thousand revised, 3v. [Freeman 349] (London: John Murray, 1888). A short-title citation of this type indicates a discrepancy in the pagination for the cited material between the first and the revised editions of the Life and Letters; the pages cited apply to the revised edition, while the same material can usually be found in the first edition a few pages later.
Life of Lyell	[K. M. H.] Lyell, ed., Life, Letters, and Journals of Sir Charles Lyell, Bart., 2v. (London: John Murray, 1881).
Life of Romanes	[Ethel Duncan] Romanes, ed., The Life and Letters of George John Romanes (London, New York, and Bombay: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1896).
Lyell: The Years to 1841	Leonard G. Wilson, Charles Lyell, The Years to 1841: The Revolution in Geology (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1972).
Mag. nat. Hist.	Magazine of Natural History (ultimately merged with Annals of Natural History to become Annals and Magazine of Natural History).
MEB	Frederic Boase, Modern English Biography.
More Letters	Francis Darwin, and A. C. Seward, eds., More Letters of Charles Darwin: A Record of His Work in a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Letters, 2v. [Freeman 359] (London: John Murray, 1903).
MRCS	Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.
Nat. Hist. Rev.	Natural History Review: A Quarterly Journal of Biological Science.
N. Br. Rev.	North British Review.
Peckham, Variorum Origin	Morse Peckham, ed., The Origin of Species by Charles Darwin: A Variorum Text (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1959).
pmk.	postmark.
Poggendorff	J. C. Poggendorff, ed., Biographisch -- Literarisches HandwC6rterbuch zur Geschichte der Exacten Wissenschaften.
Proc. geol. Soc. Lond.	Proceedings of the Geological Society of London (preceded the Quarterly Journal).
Proc. nat. Hist. Soc. Dubl.	Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Dublin.
PTC	Material added by the compiler, P. Thomas Carroll.
Q. Rev.	Quarterly Review.
Sat. Rev.	Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art.
Silliman's J.	American Journal of Science (known popularly as Silliman's Journal of Science).
Stauffer, ed., CD's Nat. Selection	Robert C. Stauffer, ed., Charles Darwin's Natural Selection, Being the Second Part of His Big Species Book Written from 1856 to 1858 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1975).
Trans. geol. Soc. Lond.	Transactions of the Geological Society of London.
Vorzimmer, Reprint Catalogue	Peter J. Vorzimmer, comp., A Catalogue of the Darwin Reprint Collection at the Botany School Library, Cambridge (Cambridge: unpublished mimeograph, 1963).
wmk.	watermark.

frontispiece -- marginal sketches, mentioned in caption, have been removed from the illustration
p. xix, 7 lines from bottom, change "words" to "works"
p. xx, 3 lines from beginning of section entitled "Nature of the Society's Darwin Collections", change "a overview" to "an overview"
figure 2--first page should be labeled "(a)" and second page should be labeled "(b)"; last address variant illustrated in "(b)" should have had Darwin's handwritten parentheses added, but these were removed from the illustration during touch-up
p. xxviii, line 28, change "procedes" to "precedes"; line 32, change "existance" to "existence"
p. xxxviii, explanatory text to accompany the entries entitled "Printed in full, with minor changes" and "Printed, with changes and minor omissions" are both badly aligned
p. xxxviii, first line of explanatory text to accompany the entry entitled "Printed, with minor changes and minor omissions", change "these" to "those"
p. xxxix, line 17, change "applied" to "applies"
p. xl, "Life and Letters" entry is not left-justified correctly (i.e. twelfth line from bottom of page should come all the way out to left margin)
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data has been deleted

Despite indications to the contrary on the title page, this calendar was by no means the work of one or even two persons; a great many acknowledgements -- too many, in fact, for all of them to be explicit here, and too deeply felt by the editor for adequate expression in words -- are in order.

Above all else, of course, this calendar would not have been possible had it not been for the prodigious efforts of Charles Darwin himself, and so this book is his. By poring over his letters, I believe, I have come to know him fairly intimately, and I can assure my readers that, in this case at least, the old adage about familiarity breeding contempt is inapplicable. I know that this admission bodes ill for my retention of a critical historical perspective, but it would be a worse sin for me to feign objectivity. Besides, if my readers study these letters as I have, I think they will agree in all fairness that we should all be grateful that such a wonderful man as Darwin was once among us, however briefly and reclusively.

I am equally grateful to Darwin's great-grandson, Mr. George P. Darwin, for permission to produce this calendar and to quote extensively from the letters, regardless of the intimacy of their contents; this graciousness demonstrates that devotion to rigorous scholarship is as much the Darwin hallmark today as it was a century ago.

Financial support for the preparation of this calendar was provided by a generous gift to the American Philosophical Society by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.

The commodious facilities of the Library of the American Philosophical Society are a scholar's delight; I am grateful to the Society for the privilege of using them. Each of my colleagues on the Library staff has given generously of his or her time and expertise to the production of this work. Those who have contributed directly to the final manuscript were Helen Black, who conscientiously typed both my handwritten transcriptions of the letters and the manuscript of the front matter, and B. Dodelin, who prepared the photographic prints for the illustrations. Everyone else, each in his or her own way, not only added to this work but also made my stay at the Library pleasurable. I regret that there is not enough space to name them individually.

Many other individuals aided this project. I am grateful to Dr. Frederick Burkhardt, President Emeritus of the American Council of Learned Societies, for writing the foreword. Special thanks go to Dr. Sydney Smith, Lecturer in Zoology, St. Catharine's College, Cambridge University, and to Mr. Peter Gautrey, Cambridge University Library; with astonishing skill and resourcefulness they helped to date and otherwise identify the most intransigent letters in the collection. Similarly, Dr. Thaddeus J. Trenn, Department of the History of Science, University of Regensburg, helped considerably in the identification of letters from Darwin's cirripede period; in addition, as I discuss in the Introduction, Dr. Trenn has been my collaborator in the attempt to make sense of the many variant Down House addresses in the headings of Darwin's letters. Frederick Burkhardt has helped with the identification and arrangement of some of the letters. Professor Malcolm J. Kottler, Department of Ecology and Behavioral Biology, University of Minnesota, shared with me all of his determinations of the dates and the instances of publication of the Darwin-Romanes letters. Dr. Whitfield J. Bell, Jr., Librarian of the American Philosophical Society, not only supervised the project but also arranged for the publication of the work. In addition to the aid provided to me as part of their regular duties, Mr. Carl F. Miller, Assistant Manuscripts Librarian, and Mr. Murphy D. Smith, Associate Librarian, American Philosophical Society Library, were especially helpful in deciphering the more exotic examples of Darwin's difficult handwriting. The latter also offered many useful suggestions concerning format of entries. Whitfield J. Bell, Jr., Jeffrey L. Sturchio, and Frederick Burkhardt provided criticisms of early drafts of the front matter; Frederick Burkhardt also helped to proofread the calendar entries. Mr. Michael Glazier, President of Scholarly Resources, Inc., has been a generous and patient publisher. Robert F. Bud, Department of the History and Sociology of Science, University of Pennsylvania, helped to investigate British copyrights of the illustrations. Professor Leonard G. Wilson, Department of the History of Medicine, University of Minnesota, helped to publicize the calendar among Darwin scholars.

The following individuals aided in transcribing, dating, locating, and/or annotating one or more letters: Marianne Abel, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; John Angell, Free Library of Philadelphia; Sir Hedley Atkins, M.D., Down House; Suzanne W. Brown, Chicago Academy of Sciences; Colin Burton, Baird & Tatlock (London) Ltd.; Dr. Ralph Colp, Jr.; Professor Joseph Ewan, Department of Biology, Tulane University; Ellen G. Gartrell, Assistant Curator, Historical Collections, College of Physicians of Philadelphia; Sheila K. Hart, Harvard College Library; F. A. Milligan, Hereford and Worcester County [England] Libraries; Professor James A. Rogers, Department of History, Claremont Men's College; Jeffrey L. Sturchio, Department of the History and Sociology of Science, University of Pennsylvania; Margaret Teransky, Free Library of Philadelphia; Philip Titheradge, Down House; and Professor David B. Wilson, Department of History, University of Oklahoma. My colleague and friend Roy Goodman here in the Library is unparalleled as a reference librarian.

In the course of my research, I have enjoyed the facilities of and/or received the competent assistance of the staffs of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the Burndy Library, the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Harvey S. Firestone Library of Princeton University, the Free Library of Philadelphia, the Harvard College Library, the Hereford and Worcester County [England] Libraries, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and the Charles Patterson Van Pelt Library of the University of Pennsylvania. I am also grateful to all those persons and institutions mentioned in the second appendix for making its compilation possible. A copy of the Darwin letter to Gray which I quote in the introduction was provided by the Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, which has the original. Those who have graciously given permission for reproduction of one or another of the illustrations are acknowledged where the figures appear.

Preparation of this calendar has consumed much of my time and attention over the last two years. Accordingly, I should like to thank the faculty, the staff, and my fellow graduate students in the Department of the History and Sociology of Science at the University of Pennsylvania for tolerating my reduced visibility around the Department. Similarly, my wife Nan, my late father, and my mother have suffered me cheerfully whenever the excesses of my enthusiasm for Darwin and the history of science have overflowed into my family life.

Many others, too numerous to mention, have aided the compilation of this volume in some way. Despite all this help, endless factual and interpretive errors, of which I am painfully aware and for which I am solely responsible, undoubtedly remain. I hope that scholars will both forgive me for these and report them to the Library for the benefit of future students of Darwin.

P. T. C.

Numbers in the index below refer to letter numbers in the left margins, not to page numbers. In the case of each person listed, some effort was made to provide the following: full name; dates of birth and death; nationality (if not a British subject); occupation(s), using somewhat anachronistic terminology at times; specific biographical information of importance in establishing a link between the person and Charles Darwin; and date elected as Fellow of the Royal Society of London or other major scientific body, if any. Letters to each person, letters from each person, and letters in which each person is mentioned are then listed. Only persons from Charles Darwin's time or earlier are indexed. Whitfield J. Bell, Jr., Marcella P. Carroll, Nancy E. Carroll, and David Levine contributed substantially to the creation of this index; they have the editor's sincere thanks.

Abbot, C. C., ornithologist of the Falkland Islands, friend of Philip Lutley Sclater; mentioned,	245, 246.
Adams, -----; mentioned,	77.
Adams, Andrew Leith (d. 1882), military surgeon, naturalist, zoologist, FRS 1872; mentioned,	103.
Adams, John Couch (1819-1892), astronomer, discoverer of planet Neptune, FRS 1849; mentioned,	321.
Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe (1807-1873), Swiss/American icthyologist, geologist, palaeontologist, FRS 1838; mentioned,	26, 27, 63, 94, 103, 107, 174, 193, 200, 216, 223, 227, 238, 314, 502.
Allen, Charles Grant Blairfindie (1848-1899), author; mentioned,	513, 514, 566, 567, 569, 570, 603, 609, 611.
American Philosophical Society; letters to,	13, 16.
Anderson-Henry, Isaac (1799?-1884), horticulturist; letters to,	47, 86.
Appleton & Co., publishers; letter to,	412.
Archiac, Etienne-Jules-Adolphe Desmier de Saint-Simon, Vicomte de (1802-1868), French geologist, palaeontologist; mentioned,	184.
Argyll, Duke of.	See George Douglas Campbell.
Artizan's Dwelling Company; mentioned,	403.
Atherley, Edmond Gibson; mentioned,	259.
Aukland, Lord; mentioned,	204.
Avebury, Baron.	See John William Lubbock, Baron Avebury.
Bache, Franklin (1792-1864), physician, chemist, Secretary of the American Philosophical Society; letters to,	13, 16.
Bachman, John (1790-1874), American naturalist; mentioned,	115.
Baden Powell, Prof.; mentioned,	253.
Baer, Karl Ernst Ritter von, Edler von Huthorn (1792-1876), German/Russian/Estonian biologist, anthropologist, geographer, discoverer of the mammalian egg; mentioned,	223, 229, 318.
Baillieu, bookseller; mentioned,	66.
Baillon, Henri Ernest; mentioned,	506.
Bakewell, Robert (1725-1795), grazier, cattle breeder; mentioned,	330.
Balfour, John Hutton (1808-1884), botanist, FRS 1856; mentioned,	514.
Barnard, Anne Henslow, daughter of John Stevens Henslow; letter to,	390;
Barrande, Joachim (1799-1883), French palaeontologist, stratigraphist; mentioned,	211.
Bartlett, Abraham Dee (1812-1897), taxidermist, superintendent of natural history department of Crystal Palace 1852-59, superintendent of Zoological Society's gardens 1959-97; mentioned,	229, 252, 276.
Bartram, John (1699-1777), botanical collector; mentioned,	78.
Bate, Charles Spence (1819-1889), practiced as dentist, published on dentistry, crustacea, and other subjects; mentioned,	97.
Bates, Henry Walter (1825-1892), naturalist, president of Entomological Society 1869 and 1878, FRS 1881; letter to,	284, 291;
Beaufort, Francis (1774-1857), hydrographer, FRS 1814; mentioned,	107.
Beckstein, Johann MatthC$us (1757-1822), German naturalist, ornithologist; mentioned,	137, 139, 209.
Belloc, Anne-Louise Swanton (1796-1881), translator of many English books into French, patroness of libraries; mentioned,	183, 192.
Bennett, Alfred William; letter to,	438.
Bentham, George; mentioned,	240.
Biddell, George; mentioned,	321.
Binney, Edward William (1812-1881), lawyer, geologist, FRS 1856; mentioned,	215, 216.
Blackadder, Mr. (of Glamis), friend of Lyell; mentioned,	15.
Blainville, Henri Marie Ducrotay de (1777-1850), anatomist, zoologist; mentioned,	11.
Blair, Rueben A. of Sedalia, Missouri, USA; letters to,	529, 535, 540, 554, 593;
Blyth, Edward (1810-1873), zoologist, curator of Museum of Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 1841-1862; mentioned,	17, 185, 188, 204, 216, 343, 358.
Boddaert; mentioned,	458.
Bosquet, Josephus Augustinus Hubertus de (1814-1180), of Maestricht, palaeontologist; letters to,	102, 138.
Boucher de CrC(vecoeur de Perthes, Jacques (1788-1868), French archaeologist; mentioned,	210.
Bowerbank, James Scott (1797-1877), geologist, FRS 1842; letters to,	91, 96, 99.
Bowman, William (1816-1892), surgeon; letter to,	301.
Bravard, Auguste; mentioned,	198.
Brayley, Edward William (1802-1870), science writer, mineralogical chemist, geologist, zoologist, FRS 1854, MAPS 1842; letter to,	41.
Bree, Charles Robert (1811-1886), physician, ornithologist, zoologist; mentioned,	232.
Bree, William Thomas (1787-1863), botanist, Rector of Allesley; mentioned,	232.
Brehm, Alfred Edmund (1829-1884), ornithologist; mentioned,	351, 417.
Brewster, David (1781-1868), natural philosopher, president of Royal Society of Edinburgh 1864, FRS 1815; mentioned,	11.
Briggs, John Joseph; letter to,	286.
Broderip, William John (1789-1859), lawyer, naturalist, FRS 1828; mentioned,	46.
Bronn, Heinrich Georg (1800-1862), German palawontologist, zoologist; mentioned,	196, 200, 201, 207, 231, 232.
Brooke, James (1803-1868), Raja of Sarawak; mentioned,	224.
Brown, David J., Scottish geologist; letter to,	299.
Brown, Robert (1773-1858), botanist, FRS 1811; mentioned,	26, 308, 326.
Brown-Séquard, Charles Edouard (1817-1894), physiologist; mentioned,	543.
Browne, James Crichton (1840-1938), physician, psychologist, FRS 1883; letter to,	451.
Buch, Christian Leopold von (1774-1853), Prussian geologist; mentioned,	92.
Buckland, Francis Trevelyan (1826-1880), naturalist, surgeon; mentioned,	286, 318.
Buckland, William (1784-1856), geologist, mineralogist, President of Geological Society of London 1824; mentioned,	28, 73.
Buckley, Miss, perhaps the only daughter of Cecil William Buckley (1828-1872); mentioned,	307.
Bullen, Dr.; letter to,	256.
Bunbury, Charles James Fox (1809-1885), palaeobotanist, botanist, married to Charles Lyell's sister-in-law, FRS 1851; mentioned,	58, 80, 172, 196, 198, 232, 314.
Burdett, Lady Sophia Coutts, styled Burdett-Coutts, wife of Francis Burdett (1770-1844); mentioned,	605.
Burdon-Sanderson, John Scott (1828-1905), physiologist, Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford, president of BAAS 1893, Principal of Brown Institution, FRS 1867; mentioned,	434, 478, 503, 606.
Busk, George (1807-1886), surgeon, man of science, FRS 1850; letter to,	387.
Butler, Miss; letter to,	168.
Butler, Samuel (1835-1902), philosophical writer; mentioned,	425, 581, 582, 583, 588.
Butler, Thomas (1806-1886), son of Samuel Butler (1774-1839), and father of Samuel Butler (1835-1902), schoolmate of CD at Cambridge; mentioned,	2, 425.
Caius College, Master and Fellows; letter to,	7.
Caldwell, Anne Marsh.	See Anne Marsh-Caldwell.
Cameron, Jonathon Henry Lovett (d.1888), rector of Shoreham 1860-88; mentioned,	5.
Camilla.	See Miss [Camilla?] Ludwig.
Campbell, George Douglas, Duke of Argyll (1823-1900), politician, geologist, FRS 1851; mentioned,	106, 307, 330.
Canestrini, Giovanni (1835-1900), Italian zoologist, specializing in fish; mentioned,	437.
Carpenter, William Benjamin (1813-1885), physiologist, naturalist at University College London; mentioned,	55, 183, 209, 213.
Carters, The; mentioned,	621.
Carus, Julius Victor (1823-1903), German zoologist, translator of Origin into German; letter to,	340;
Cassell, Petter, & Galpin, publishers; letter to,	333.
Cater, Colonel; mentioned,	621.
Caton, John Dean (1812-1895), American jurist; letter to,	402.
Chambers, Robert (1802-1871), publisher, author, biologist, geologist, FRSE 1840; mentioned,	59, 64, 73, 107, 188, 263.
Charlesworth, Edward (1813-1893), geologist, palaeontologist, FGS 1836; mentioned,	11, 28.
Clark, Andrew (1826-1893), physician, FRS 1885, FRCP 1858; letter to,	436;
Clift, Mr.; mentioned,	187, 318.
Cobbe, Frances Power (1822-1904), philanthropist, religious writer, journalist, joint secretary of National Anti-vivisection Society 1875-84; mentioned,	589.
Colburn, Henry (d. 1855), publisher; letter to,	8, 18.
Collier, John (1850-1934), painter, writer on art, Thomas Henry Huxley's son-in-law; mentioned,	594.
Collins, -----; mentioned,	330.
Compton, Spencer Joshue Alwyne, Lord Northampton (1790-1851), President of Royal Society 1838-49; mentioned	11.
Comte, Isidore Auguste Marie Francois Xavier (1798-1857), French philosopher, mathematician, father of positivism; mentioned,	413.
Cook, James; mentioned,	58.
Cope, Edward Drinker (1840-1897), American palaeontologist, zoologist, naturalist; mentioned,	502.
Corbet, Mr.; mentioned,	323.
Crawford, John (1783-1868), orientalist, ethnologist; mentioned,	181.
Crawfurd, John; mentioned,	318.
Croll, James (1821-1890), self-educated geologist, FRS 1876; letter to,	360;
Crüger, Hermann (1818-1864), German-Anglo botanist, lived in Trinidad from 1841; mentioned,	508.
Cuming, Hugh (1791-1865), naturalist, sailmaker, traveler, collector of specimens; letters,	42, 82.
Cupples, George (1822-1891), popular writer; letter to,	428.
Dana, James Dwight (1813-1895), American geologist, mineralogist, zoologist, editor of Silliman's Journal; mentioned,	85, 88, 188, 257, 289, 296.
Daniell, William Freeman (1818-1865), botanist, physician-surgeon, MRCS 1841; mentioned,	139, 148.
Darwin, Amy Richenda Ruck 91850-1876), wife of Francis Darwin; mentioned,	497.
Darwin, Anne Elizabeth (1841-1851), CD's first daughter and second child; mentioned,	81, 300.
Darwin, Bernard Richard Meirion (1876-1961), CD's grandson, golfer, journalist; mentioned,	537.
Darwin, Charles Waring (1856-1858), CD's sixth son and tenth child; mentioned,	155.
Darwin, Emma Wedgwood (1808-1896), CD's wife and first cousin; mentioned,	38, 43, 44, 107, 140, 154, 164, 192, 259, 281, 289, 296, 306, 312, 322, 323, 336, 385, 594.
Darwin, Erasmus (1731-1802), CD's grandfather; mentioned,	528.
Darwin, Erasmus Alvey (1804-1881), physician, CD's only brother, educator at Bedford College; mentioned,	178, 274, 323, 332, 336, 598, 603, 605, 606, 607.
Darwin, Francis (1848-1925), CD's third son and seventh child, botanist, FRS 1882; mentioned,	35, 366, 402, 443, 474, 495, 497, 513, 514, 527, 537, 576.
Darwin, George Howard (1845-1912), CD's second son and fifth child, mathematician, astronomer, FRS 1879; mentioned,	44, 344, 366, 379, 402, 624.
Darwin, Henrietta Emma.	See Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield.
Darwin, Horace (1851-1928), CD's fifth son and ninth child, civil engineer, FRS 1903; mentioned,	281, 366, 499, 501.
Darwin, Leonard (1850-1943), CD's fourth son and eighth child, military officer, eugenist; mentioned,	281, 295, 303, 605.
Darwin, Mary Eleanor (September 23-October 16, 1842), CD's third child and second daughter; mentioned,	28.
Darwin, Robert Waring (1766-1848), physician; mentioned,	81.
Darwin, Susan Elizabeth (1803-1866), CD's sister; mentioned,	319.
Darwin, William Erasmus (1839-1914), CD's oldest son and first child, banker; letters to,	502, 590;
Davidson, Thomas William St. Clair (1817-1885), geologist, palaeontologist, expert on Brachiopoda, FRS 1857; letter to,	142.
Dawes, Richard (1793-1867), educator, dean of Hereford, 1850-67, schoolmate of CD at Cambridge; mentioned,	327.
Dawkins, William Boyd (1837-1929), geologist, palaeontologist, antiquary; mentioned,	373.
Dawson, John William (1820-1899), Canadian geologist; mentioned,	209, 220.
Deards, Mr.; mentioned,	501.
Decaisne, Joseph (1807-1882), French botanist, President of Académie des Sciences 1865, FRS 1877; mentioned,	418.
Delacour, Mrs.; mentioned,	421, 422, 423.
Delboeuf, Joseph Rémi Léopold (1831-1896), Belgian mathematician, physicist, philosopher; mentioned,	547.
Delpino, F.; letter to,	376;
Denny, G. (1803-1871), relative of Henry Denny, entomologist, curator of Philosophical Hall at Leeds; letter to,	622.
Denny, Henry (1803-1871), entomologist; letters to,	35, 37, 120;
Dew-Smith, A. G., apparently a plant physiologist at Cambridge; letters to,	434, 462.
Dickson, Alexander (1836-1887), botanist; mentioned,	614.
Dixon, Frederick; mentioned,	89.
Dohrn, Anton Felix (1840-1909), German/Italian zoologist, founder of zoological station at Naples, FRS 1899; mentioned,	442, 462.
Donders, Franciscus Cornelius (1818-1889), Dutch physiologist, opthalmologist, FRS 1866; mentioned,	422.
Dowie, Mrs.; letter to,	473.
Drysdale, Lady, mother-in-law of Edward Wickstead Lane; mentioned,	429.
Duncan, James Matthews (1826-1890), physician, obstetrician; mentioned,	391.
Duncan, Peter Martin (1824-1891), geologist; letters to,	272, 498.
Duns, Rev. John; mentioned,	215.
Dutrochet, René Joachim Henri (1776-1847), plant physiologist, animal physiologist; mentioned,	309.
Duval-Jouve, Joseph; mentioned,	506.
Eden, Robert John; mentioned,	204.
Edwards, Mr.; mentioned,	237.
Edwards, Henry, Jr.; letter to,	486.
Egan, James; letters to,	160, 161.
Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried (1795-1876), German biologist, micropalaeontologist; mentioned,	21, 24.
Elie de Beaumont, Jean Baptiste Armand Louis Léoncé (1798-1874), geologist; mentioned,	9, 88, 90, 382.
Elliot, Walter (1803-1887), Indian civil servant, archaiologist, FRS 1877; letters to,	123, 162.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882), American poet; mentioned,	428.
Errera, Léo Abram (1858-1905), Belgian botanist; letters to,	409, 521, 523, 544, 561, 562,
Ershine, Colonel; mentioned,	210, 220.
Espinas, Alfred Victor (1844-1922), French philosopher, one of founders of French sociology; mentioned,	547.
Etty.	See Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield.
Evans, John (1823-1908), archaeologist, numismatist, FRS 1864; mentioned,	289.
Ewart, James Cossar (1851-1933), zoologist, FRS 1893; mentioned,	604, 614.
Eyton, Robert Henry (b. 1845), son of Thomas Campbell Eyton; mentioned,	366.
Eyton, Thomas Campbell (1809-1880), naturalist, ornithologist; letters to,	17, 20, 114, 116, 117, 135, 136, 137, 139, 146, 147, 148, 156, 158, 159, 177, 218, 247, 248, 249, 285, 353, 359, 366, 407.
Eyton, Thomas Slaney (b. 1843), son of Thomas Campbell Eyton; mentioned,	366.
Eyton, William Campbell (1848-1879), son of Thomas Campbell Eyton; mentioned,	366.
Fabre, Jean Henri (1823-1915), French entomologist, naturalist; mentioned,	580.
Falconer, Hugh (1808-1865), palaeontologist, botanist, surgeon, FRS 1945; mentioned,	158, 224, 231, 287, 291.
Farrer, Thomas Henry (1819-1899), civil servant, Permanent Secretary of Board of Trade, 1865-86; mentioned,	36, 455, 465.
Fawcett, Henry (1833-1884), statesman, political economist; mentioned,	258.
Ferguson, Robert (1799-1865), physician, physician-accoucher to Queen Victoria 1840; mentioned,	398.
Finch-Hatton, Emily Georgiana Bagot, Countess of Winchilsea and Nottingham (d. 1848), wife of George William Finch-Hatton, Earl of Winchilsea and Nottingham, (1791-1858); mentioned,	67.
Fitton, William Henry (1780-1861), geologist, FRS 1815; mentioned,	115.
Fitzroy, Robert (1805-1865), naval officer, captain of the Beagle; mentioned,	10, 18, 182.
Flinders, Matthew (1774-1814), naval captain, hydrographer, discoverer; mentioned,	9.
Flourens, Marie Jean Pierre (b. 1794); mentioned,	144.
Flower, William Henry (1831-1899), Director of Natural History Museum, London; letters to,	543, 551;
Fonblanque, A., of the British Consulate at Alexandria, perhaps the son of Albany Fonblanque (1793-1872); mentioned,	286.
Forbes, David (1828-1876), geologist, philologist, FRS 1856; letter to,	381;
Forbes, Edward (1815-1854), naturalist, palaeontologist, FRS 1845; mentioned,	32, 52, 69, 126, 142, 192, 196, 233.
Forbes, James David (1809-1868), geologist, physicist, FRS 1832; mentioned,	65, 90.
Foster, Michael (1836-1907), physiologist, FRS 1872; letters to,	400, 401, 419;
Fox, Misses, sisters of William Darwin Fox (ca. 1805-1880); mentioned,	2.
Fox, William Darwin (ca. 1805-1880), CD's second cousin, introduced CD to entomology; letters to,	130, 292, 357, 385;
Frank.	See Francis Darwin.
Fry, Mr.; mentioned	143.
Gartner, Karl Friedrich von (1772-1850), German botanist; mentioned,	209, 251, 455.
Gaimard, Joseph Paul; mentioned,	76.
Galton, Francis (1822-1911), statistician, traveler, CD's counsin, father of eugenics, FRS 1856; mentioned,	625.
Gaudry, A.; mentioned,	379.
Geddes, Patrick (1854-1932), biologist, sociologist, educationist, town-planner, student of Thomas Henry Huxley; mentioned,	614.
Geikie, Archibald (1835-1924), geologist, FRS 1865, FRSE 1861; mentioned,	364.
Geinity, -----; mentioned,	557.
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, C tienne (1772-1844), French zoologist; mentioned,	192.
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isidore (1805-1861), French zoologist; mentioned,	192, 212, 213, 230, 231, 282.
Gevaert, Gustave, Belgian naturalist; mentioned,	520, 561, 562, 563.
Glass, Dr.; mentioned,	611.
Glenie, S. O., friend of George Henry Kendrick Thwaites; mentioned,	295, 354, 358.
Gliddon, George Robins; mentioned,	227.
Gloger, Constantin Wilhelm Lambert (1803-1863), German zoologist, ornithologist; mentioned,	352.
Godron, Dominique Alexandre (1807-1880), French botanist; mentioned,	212, 215.
Goodsir, Harry D. S.; mentioned,	66.
Gould, John (1804-1881), ornithologist, FRS 1843; mentioned,	11, 245, 246.
Gray, Asa (1810-1888), American botanist, Fisher Professor of natural history at Harvard 1842-88, FRS 1873; letter to,	302;
Gray, George Robert (1808-1872), zoologist, ornithologist, zoological assistant in British Museum 1831-72, FRS 1865; mentioned,	197, 241, 246.
Gray, John Edward (1800-1875), naturalist, zoological keeper at British Museum 1840-1874, RFS 1832; letters to,	71, 72, 74, 305, 411.
Gray, Maria Emma (1787-1876), conchologist, abgologist; mentioned,	411.
Greg, William Rathbone (1809-1881), political and social essayist; letter to,	557.
Grey, George (1812-1898), colonial governor and prime minister; mentioned,	224.
Grey, Harriet Spencer (d. 1898), wife of George Grey; mentioned,	224.
Griffith, Edward (1790-1858), naturalist; mentioned,	60.
Günther, Albert Charles Ludwig Gotthief (1830-1914), zoologist; letters to,	339, 608.
Gulick, John Thomas (1832-1923), missionary, naturalist, evolutionist; letters to,	421, 422, 423.
Gully, James Manby (1808-1883), physician, administered cold-water cure taken by CD at Malvern 1849; mentioned,	78.
Gurney, Hudson (1775-1864), antiquary, verse writer, FRD 1818; mentioned,	276.
Guthrie, Frederick (1833-1886), physicist, FRS 1871; mentioned,	570.
Haast, John Francis Julius von (1824-1887), German immigrant to New Zealand, geologist, explorer, FRS 1867; mentioned,	289.
Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August (1834-1919), naturalist, German zoologist; mentioned,	470.
Hancock, Albany (1806-1873), zoologist; letters to,	87, 93.
Harrison, Frederic (1831-1923), popular writer, admirer of Comte; letter to,	392.
Hartlant, Dr.; mentioned,	363.
Harvey, William Henry (1811-1866), Irish botanist, colonial treasurer at Cape Town 1836-42, FRS 1858; mentioned,	200, 308.
Haughton, Samuel (1821-1897), geologist, FRS 1858; mentioned,	215, 330.
Head, Francis Bond (1793-1875), colonial governor, author; mentioned,	5.
Heer, Oswald (1809-1883), Swiss botanist, palaeontologist; mentioned,	127, 131.
Henslow, John Stevens (1796-1861), botanist, CD's favorite teacher, recommended CD as naturalist for Beagle expedition; letter to,	109;
Herbert, John Maurice (1808-1882), schoolmate of CD at Cambridge, magistrate, FGS 1838; letters to,	1, 2, 4, 5, 19, 121, 327, 344, 425, 577.
Herbert, William; mentioned,	54.
Herschel, John Frederick William (1792-1871), astronomer, FRS 1813; letter to,	384;
Hill, Rowland, second Viscount Hill (1800-1875), neighbor of Thomas Campbell Eyton; mentioned,	135, 139, 146.
al-Hindi, Abn al-Fadhl ibn Mubarak; mentioned,	123.
Hobhouse, Mary Farrer (d. 1905), wife of Baron Arthur Hobhouse (1819-1904); mentioned,	547.
Hodgson, Brian Houghton; mentioned,	95.
HC6chberg, Karl; letter to,	560.
Hofmann, August Wilhelm von (1818-1892), German chemist; letter to,	491.
Holland, Henry (1788-1873), physician, physician in ordinary to Queen Victoria 1852, FRS 1816; mentioned,	174, 184, 215, 222, 398.
Hooker, Brian Harvey Hodgson (1860-1932), Joseph Dalton Hooker's third son and fifth child; mentioned,	223.
Hooker, Frances Harriet Henslow (1825-1874), wife of Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817-1911), daughter of John Stevens Henslow (1796-1861); mentioned,	223, 455.
Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1817-1911), botanist, traveler, Director of Kew Botanical Gardens 1865-85, FRS 1847; letter to,	424;
Hooker, Maria (1798-1872), wife and secretary of William Jackson Hooker (1785-1865); letter to,	95.
Hooker, William Jackson (1785-1865), botanist, FRS 1812; letter to,	31;
Hope, Frederick William (1797-1862), entomologist; mentioned,	10.
Hopkin & Williams, chemists; mentioned,	431.
Hopkins, William (1793-1866), mathematician, geologist, President of Geological Society 1851-1852, FRS 1837; mentioned,	107, 126, 216, 221, 330.
Horner, Ann Susan (?1816-1900), authoress, daughter of Leonard Horner; mentioned,	73.
Horner, Leonard (1785-1864), geologist, mineralogist, educator, FGS 1808, FRS 1813; letters to,	38, 39, 53;
Horner, Mrs. Leonard, nee Miss Lloyd (d. 1862), mother-in-law of Charles Lyell; mentioned,	140.
Huber, Jean Pierre (1770-1840), French naturalist; mentioned,	399.
Hudson, William Henry (1841-1922), naturalist, writer; mentioned,	383.
Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander, Freiherr von (1769-1859), German traveler, natural scientist; mentioned	45.
Hunt, Edward Bissell; mentioned,	296.
Hunt, James (1833-1869), ethnologist, writer on stammering; letter to,	250.
Hunter, James Bradbridge (1837-1889); mentioned,	414.
Hutton, Frederick Wollaston (1836-1905), geologist, FRS 1892; mentioned,	330.
Hutton, Robert (1784 or 1785-1870), naturalist, FGS 1813; letter to,	67.
Hutton, William; letter to,	54.
Huxley, Henrietta Anne Heathorn (d. 1914?), Thomas Henry Huxley's wife; mentioned,	474.
Huxley, Noel (1856-1860), first child of Thomas Henry Huxley; mentioned,	227.
Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825-1895), naturalist, popularizer of evolution, zoologist, palaeontologist, FRS 1851; mentioned,	127, 181, 183, 184, 188, 192, 221, 222, 223, 227, 287, 291, 387, 400, 404, 465, 474, 477, 513, 578, 581, 606.
Hyndman, George Crawford (1796-1867), Irish botanist; letter to,	101.
Inglefield, Edward Augustus (1820-1894), admiral, FRS 1853; mentioned,	107.
Innes, John Brodie, CD's confessor and neighbor at Down; letter to,	149;
Innes, Mrs. John Brodie; mentioned,	621.
Jacobson, Miss; letter to,	507.
James, Henry; mentioned,	232.
James, William (1842-1910), American psychologist, philosopher, father of pragmatism; mentioned,	556.
Jameson, Robert (1774-1854), mineralogist; mentioned,	64.
Jamieson, Thomas Francis (1829-1913), geologist, farmer, FGS 1862; mentioned,	264, 269, 274, 450.
Jardine, William (1800-1874), naturalist, ornithologist, FRSE 1824; mentioned,	201, 227.
Jeffreys, John Gwyn (1809-1885), conchologist, FRS 1840; mentioned	190, 192.
Jenkins, Fleeming; mentioned,	330.
Jones, -----; mentioned,	10.
Jones, Henry M., FRGS 1868; mentioned,	502.
Jones, James Felix (d. 1878), naval officer, geographer, FRGS; mentioned,	502.
Jukes, Joseph Beete (1811-1869), geologist, favorite pupil of Adam Sedgwick; mentioned,	232.
Jules, -----; mentioned,	318.
Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804), German philosopher; mentioned,	470.
Ke., Richard; letter to,	506.
Kelaart, Edward Frederick (1818?-1860), physician, surgeon, naturalist, FLS 1846, FGS 1845; mentioned,	125.
Kellaert, Edward Frederick.	See Kelaart, Edward Frederick.
Kemp, William; mentioned,	64.
Keppell, Capt.; mentioned,	224.
Kerner, A. von Marilaun; mentioned,	522.
King, John; mentioned,	548.
King, Philip Parker (1791-1856), naval captain, explorer, naturalist, FRS 1856; mentioned,	345.
Kingsley, Charles (1819-1875), author, believer in possibility of reconciling religion and science; letter to,	330.
Kippist, Richard (1812-1882), botanist, librarian of Linnean Society 1842-1881; mentioned,	399.
Knight, Thomas Andrew (1759-1838), horticulturist, botanist, FRS 1805; mentioned,	432.
KC6lreuter, Joseph Gottlieb (1733-1806), German naturalist; mentioned,	209.
Koninck, Laurent-Guillaume de (1809-1887), Belgian palaeontologist; mentioned,	184.
Kovalevsky, Aleksandr Onufrievich (1840-1901), Russian embryologist; mentioned,	333.
Kovalevsky, Vladimir Onufrievich (1842-1883), Russian palaeontologist, translator of scientific works; mentioned,	332, 333.
Krause, Ernst Ludwig (1839-1903), German scientific populizer, editor of Kosmos magazine, biographer of Erasmus Darwin; mentioned,	581, 583.
Lacho, Prof.; mentioned,	475.
Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine Monet de (1744-1829), botanist, invertebrate zoologist, palaeontologist, evolutionist; mentioned,	290.
Lane, Edward Wickstead, proprietor of the hydropathic establishment at Moor Park which Darwin frequented for the water cure; letter to,	429.
Lane, Richard James (1800-1872), physician, expert in hydropathy; mentioned,	220.
Langton, Charles (1801-1886), clergyman; mentioned,	296.
Langton, Charlotte Wedgwood (1797-1862), sister of Emma Wedgwood Darwin; mentioned,	296.
Langton, Emily Catherine Darwin (1810-1866), CD's younger sister; mentioned,	296, 315.
Lankester, Edwin Ray (1847-1929), zoologist, FRS 1875; letter to,	565;
Larson, Dr., assistant to William Henry Flower at Royal College of Surgeons of England; mentioned,	551.
Laslett, William Emerson (1801-1884), solicitor; mentioned,	500.
Laugel, Antoine Auguste (1830-1914), French writer and editor; mentioned,	209.
Layard, Edgar Leopold (1824-1900), ornithologist, conchologist; letter to,	143;
Layton, Mr.; mentioned,	412.
Leidy, Joseph (1823-1891), American anatomist, naturalist, palaeontologist, parasitologist; letter to,	202.
Leifchild, John R.; mentioned,	414.
Leslie, John (1766-1832), mathematician, natural philosopher, authority on heat; mentioned,	45.
Lesson, René PrimevC(re (1794-1849), French traveler, naturalist; mentioned,	227.
Lewes, George Henry (1817-1878), miscellaneous writer; mentioned,	352.
Lewis, Thomas Hayter (1818-1898), architect; mentioned,	501.
Lewis, Thomas Taylor (1801-1858), geologist, antiguary; mentioned,	212.
Lichtenstein, Martin Heinrich Carl; mentioned,	143.
Liebig, Justus Freiherr von (1803-1873), famous German organic chemist; mentioned,	491.
Lindemuth Hugo; mentioned,	555.
Lindley, John (1799-1865), botanist, prolific writer, horticulturist, one of founders of Gardeners' Chronicle, FRS 1828; mentioned,	54, 160, 161, 191, 200, 270, 475.
Litchfield, Henrietta Emma Darwin (1843-1929), CD's fourth child and third daughter; mentioned,	141, 153, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 220, 222, 223, 227, 231, 233, 234, 252, 258, 259, 274, 290, 300, 474.
Litchfield, Richard Buckley (1832-1903), husband of Henrietta Emma Darwin Litchfield; mentioned,	474, 564.
Lloghtsky, Dr.; mentioned,	40.
Lloyd, Miss, of Caerdeon, Barmouth, North Wales; letter to,	373.
Locock, Charles (1799-1875), obstetric physician, first physician-accoucher to Queen Victoria 1840, FRS 1864; mentioned,	398.
Loct, Mr.; mentioned,	617.
Loeb, Mr.; mentioned,	617.
Long, Edward (1734-1813), author, personal secretary, judge; mentioned,	46.
Longfellow, Frances Elizabeth Appleton (1817-1861), wife of poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882); mentioned,	259.
Lonsdale, William (1794-1871), geologist, librarian to Geological Society 1829-1842; mentioned,	28, 32, 498.
Lubbock, Harriet Hotham (1810-1873), wife of John William Lubbock (1803-1865); letters to,	70, 141.
Lubbock, John William, third baronet (1803-1865), astronomer, mathematician, banker, neighbor of CD; letter to,	77;
Lubbock, John William, Baron Avebury (1834-1913), banker, naturalist, legislator, informal pupil of CD; letters to,	97, 621;
Ludwig, Miss [Camilla?], governess at Down House; letter to,	620;
Ludwig, Rudolf August Birminghold (1812-1880), German geologist, palaentologist; letter to,	517.
Lyell, Charles (1797-1875), geologist, FRS 1826; letters to,	9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, 65, 68, 73, 75, 78, 79, 80, 84, 83, 85, 88, 90, 92, 94, 103, 105, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 126, 127, 131, 132, 133, 134, 140, 145, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 184, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 227, 228, 229, 217, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 244, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 275, 281, 282, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 294, 296, 304, 306, 307, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 319, 320, 321, 322, 328, 329, 331, 332, 334, 336, 337, 346, 349, 352, 364, 367, 369, 370, 386, 415, 416, 418, 420, 427, 432, 442, 448, 450;
Lyell, Katherine Murray Horner (d. 1915), sister-in-law of Charles Lyell and wife of Henry Lyell; letter to,	124;
Lyell, Mary Elizabeth Horner (1808-1873), wife of Charles Lyell, daughter of Leonard Horner (1785-1864); letter to,	63;
McAlister, Donald (1854-1934), physician, university administrator, FRCP 1886; mentioned,	614.
Macculloch, John (1773-1835), geologist, FRS 1820; mentioned,	64.
M'Intosh, William Carmichael (1838-1931), zoologist, FRS 1877; mentioned,	604, 614.
Maclaren, Charles (1782-1866), author, editor of the Scotsman; mentioned,	15, 64.
Macler, Pulver; mentioned,	398.
Mahon, Lord.	See Philip Henry Stanhope.
Malden, Rev. B. S., of Canterbury; letter to,	254.
Mallet, Robert (1810-1881), Irish civil engineer, scientific investigator, FRS 1854; mentioned,	450.
Marsh, H.; mentioned,	467.
Marsh-Caldwell, Anne; letter to,	323.
Marshall, William (1815-1890), solicitor, amateur botanist; letters to,	459, 499, 500, 501.
Martial, Mr.; mentioned,	35.
Martin, John Royle; letter to,	403.
Martin, William Charles Linnaeus (1798-1864), writer on natural history; mentioned,	28.
Martineau, Harriet (1802-1876), miscellaneous writer; mentioned,	413.
Mason, Mr.; mentioned,	231.
Mason, P. B.; letter to,	391.
Matthews, -----; mentioned,	5.
Maury, Matthew Fontaine (1806-1873), American naval officer, oceanographer; mentioned,	131.
Meehan, Thomas (1826-1901), American botanist, horticulturist, MAPS 1871; mentioned,	566.
Meyer, Christian Friedrich Hermann von (1801-1869), German palaeontologist; mentioned,	289.
Michalet, Eugene; mentioned,	506.
Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873), philosopher, utilitarian; mentioned,	258, 330.
Miller, Howard, from Elderton, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania; letter to,	505.
Miller, Hugh (1802-1856), man of letters, geologist; mentioned,	64.
Miller, William Hollowes (1801-1880), mineralogist; letters to,	29, 189.
Milne-Edwards, Alphonse; mentioned,	359.
Milne-Edwards, Henry (1800-1885), naturalist; letters to,	66, 76;
Milne-Home, David (1805-1890), geologist, meteorologist, founder of Scottish Meteorological Society; mentioned,	59, 64, 269.
Mivart, Saint George Jackson (1827-1900), French anti-Darwinist, FRS; letter to,	375;
Moggridge, J. Traherne (1842-1874), naturalist; letter to,	399.
Moir, Mrs., mother-in-law of Colonel Erskine; mentioned,	220.
Molina, Giovanni Ignazio, i.e. Juan Ignatius (1740-1829), Chilean-Italian naturalist, Jesuit priest; mentioned,	411.
Moresby, Fairfax (1786-1877), naval officer, surveyor; mentioned,	24, 28.
Morton, Samuel George (1799-1851), American physician, naturalist; mentioned,	60.
Moschkau, A.; letter to,	433.
Moseley, Henry (1801-1872), clergyman, mathematician, FRS 1839; mentioned,	367.
Moulton, John Fletcher, first Baron Moulton (1844-1921), Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, mathematician, electrical researcher, FRS 1880; mentioned,	570.
Müller, Erm; mentioned,	414.
Müller, Fritz (1822-1897); mentioned,	417.
Müller, Herman; mentioned,	522.
Murchison, Roderick Impey (1792-1871), geologist, FRS 1826; mentioned,	26, 52, 78, 107, 211.
Murray, Andrew (1812-1878), naturalist, FRSE 1857; mentioned,	191, 201, 214, 215, 216.
Murray, John (1808-1892), publisher; mentioned,	42, 233, 240, 294, 296, 314, 351, 581.
Nash, Mr.; mentioned,	77.
Naudin, Charles Victor (1815-1899), French botanist, biologist; letter to,	303.
Neville, Dorothy Fanny Walpole (18?-1913), wife of Reginald Henry Neville (1807-1878), in the family of the Earls of Abergavenny; letter to,	270, 449, 463.
Newberry, John Strong (1822-1892), American geologist, palaeontologist, President of AAAS 1867; mentioned,	209, 210.
Newington, Dr. S.; letter to,	475.
Newmayr, Melchior; mentioned,	557.
NordenskiC6ld, Nils Adolf Erik; mentioned,	609.
Norman, Ebenezer; letter to,	497.
Norman, George Warde (1793-1882), writer on finance, prominent resident of Bromley Common, Kent; letter to,	497.
North, Marianne (1830-1890), flower painter; mentioned,	508.
Northampton, Lord.	See Spencer Joshua Alwyne Compton.
Norton, Charles Eliot (1827-1908), American editor; mentioned,	428.
Norton, Susan Ridley Sedgwick (d. 1872), wife of Charles Eliot Norton; mentioned,	428.
Nott, Josiah Clark; mentioned,	227.
Ogle, William O. (1827-1912), physician; letters to,	394, 460, 485.
Oldfield, Henry Ambrose; letter to,	128.
Oliver, Daniel (1830-1916), botanist, FRS 1863; letter to,	452.
Oppell, -----; mentioned,	557.
Orbigny, Alcide Dessalines D' (1802-1857), French naturalist; mentioned,	14, 33, 42.
Owen, Richard (1804-1892), anatomist, naturalist, Conservator to the Hunterian Museum, Royal College of Surgeons, FRS 1834; letters to,	14, 48, 89;
Owen, Robert Dale (1801-1877), American social reformer, author, legislator; mentioned,	539.
Oxenden, G. Chichester; mentioned,	254.
Paget, James (1814-1899), surgeon, FRS 1851, MRCS 1836; letter to,	467;
Pallas, Peter Simon (1741-1811), German naturalist, world traveler; mentioned,	174, 209.
Parker, Henry (1827-1892), nephew of CD, writer for Saturday Review, Oxford classic; mentioned,	329.
Parker, Theodore (1810-1860), American theologian and Unitarian clergyman; mentioned,	94.
Patroll, Mr.; mentioned,	602.
Pennethorne, D.; letter to,	350.
Pfeffer, Wilhelm Fredrich Philipp (1845-1920), plant physiologist; mentioned,	602.
Pfeiffer, Jurgen Edward (d. 1889), German merchant, resident in London; letter to,	393.
Phillips, John (1800-1874), palaeontologist, geologist, FRS 1834; letters to,	22, 122, 157, 360, 439, 623;
"Physicus"; mentioned,	557.
Pictet, François Jules (1809-1872), Swiss naturalist, palaeontologist; mentioned,	227, 231.
Poulett, George Julius; mentioned,	442.
Prescott, Henry (1783-1874), admiral, governor of Newfoundland 1834-41; mentioned,	11.
Prestwich, Joseph (1812-1896), geologist, FRS 1853; mentioned,	181.
Price, Bartholomew (1818-1898); letter to,	445.
Pritchard, Charles (1808-1893), astronomer, FRS 1840; mentioned,	321.
Quatrefages de Bréau, Jean Louis Armand de (1810-1892), French anthropologist, anti-evolutionist, friend of CD; letters to,	183, 193, 377, 379, 382;
Quoy, Jean Rene Constant; mentioned,	76.
Ramsay, Andrew Crombie (1814-1891), geologist; letters to,	52, 106;
Ramsay, Marmaduke (d. 1831), educator, friend of CD at Cambridge; mentioned,	327.
Ransome, G.; letter to,	81.
Ranzani, Camillo; mentioned,	74.
Ray Society; letters to,	98, 104.
Reade, William Winwood (1838-1875), traveler, novelist; letter to,	371.
Reimarus, Johann Albrecht Heinrich (1729-1814), physician, schoolmate and correspondent of Erasmus Darwin; mentioned,	528.
Richardson, Dr.; mentioned,	11.
Richardson, Benjamin Ward (1828-1896), physician, FRCS 1865, FRS 1867; mentioned,	495.
Richardson, John; mentioned,	216.
Riley, Charles Valentine (1843-1895), American entomologist; mentioned,	468.
Ritter, George Heinrich (b. 1764), German physician, traveler; mentioned,	455.
Rivers, Thomas; letter to,	347.
Robertson, George Croom (1842-1892), philosopher; mentioned,	612.
Rolle, Friedrich (1827-1887), German geologist; mentioned,	282.
Rolleston, George (1829-1881), physician; mentioned,	387.
Romanes, Ethel Duncan, only daughter of Andrew Duncan of Liverpool, wife of George John Romanes (1848-1894); mentioned,	566, 576.
Romanes, George John (1848-1894), zoologist, physiologist, FRS 1879; letters to,	444, 446, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 461, 465, 471, 472, 474, 476, 477, 478, 479, 481, 482, 484, 487, 488, 489, 490, 493, 494, 495, 503, 504, 509, 513, 514, 515, 516, 518, 519, 526, 527, 530, 531, 533, 537, 538, 546, 547, 548, 550, 552, 553, 555, 556, 558, 566, 567, 569, 570, 571, 574, 575, 576, 578, 580, 581, 582, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588, 589, 594, 596, 597, 598, 601, 603, 604, 606, 609, 610, 611, 612, 613, 614, 624, 625.
Roux, Wilhelm; mentioned,	594.
Royal Society of London, Philosophical Club; mentioned,	119.
Rudd, Leonard, surgeon's dresser at Guy's Hospital, London; letter to,	441.
Rütimeyer, Ludwig (1825-1895), Swiss comparative anatomist; mentioned,	331.
Sabine, Elizibeth Juliana Leeves (1807-1879), wife of Edward Sabine; mentioned,	216.
Salter, John William (1820-1869), palaeontologist, FGS 1846; mentioned,	210.
Saporta, Louis Charles Joseph Gaston, Marquis de (1823-1895), French palaeontologist; mentioned,	291, 557.
Schaafhausen, Hermann (1816-1893), German anthropologist; mentioned,	212, 215.
Scherzer, Carl Ritter von (1821-1903), traveler, naturalist; letter to,	356.
SchiC6dte, JC6rgen Christian (1815-1884), Danish entomologist; mentioned,	214.
Schlagintweit, Robert von; mentioned,	230.
Schlagintweit-Sakülünski, Hermann Rudolf Alfred von; mentioned,	230.
Schomburgk, Robert Hermann (1804-1865), traveler, surveyor, geologist, diplomat; mentioned,	69, 297.
Schultze, Karl August Julius Fritz (1846-1908), Professor at the Dresden Technische Hockschule; letter to,	470.
Sclagenweit.	See Schlagintweit or Schlagintweit-Sakünlünski.
Sclater, Philip Lutley (1829-1913), zoologist, ornithologist, geographer, FRS 1861; letters to,	195, 197, 239, 240, 241, 245, 246, 252, 276, 277, 311, 324, 338, 345, 383, 618;
Seale, Robert F.; mentioned,	108.
Sedgwick, Adam (1785-1873), geologist; mentioned,	29, 213.
SefstrC6m, Nils Gabriel (1787-1845), Swedish chemist, physician, naturalist; mentioned,	289.
Selwyn, William (1806-1875), divine, schoolmate of CD at Cambridge; mentioned,	4.
Sharpe, Daniel (1806-1856), geologist, FRS 1850; mentioned,	110.
Shaw, Mrs.; mentioned,	114.
Shoberl, Frederic William (1775-1853), author, editor; letter to,	8.
Sian, -----; mentioned,	94.
Siebold, Karl Theodor Ernst von (1804-1885), zoologist; mentioned,	149.
Smith, Edgar Albert (b. 1847), zoologist, FZS; letter to,	372.
Smith, F., of the British Museum; letter to,	255.
Smith, Hamilton Charles (1818-1877), military officer; mentioned,	158.
Smith, James, of Jordanhill (1782-1867), geologist, FRSE 1822, FRS 1830; mentioned,	289.
Smith, Miss; mentioned,	40.
Smith, Elder, and Co., publishers; letters to,	18, 51.
Snow, G., CD's agent in London; mentioned,	99.
Sonder, Harvey; mentioned,	308.
Sonder, Otto Wilhelm; mentioned,	308.
Sowerby, George Brettingham, the elder (1788-1854), conchologist, artist; letter to,	62.
Sowerby, George Brettingham, the younger (1812-1884), conchologist, artist; mentioned,	98, 104.
Sowerby, James de Carle (1787-1871); mentioned,	96, 97.
Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903), philosopher, sociologist; mentioned,	201, 307, 446, 613.
Stanhope, Philip Henry, fifth earl Stanhope, styled Viscount Mahon (1805-1875), historian; mentioned,	80.
Stebbing, Thomas Roscoe Rede (1835-1926), naturalist; letters to,	362, 388, 583;
Steenstrup, Johannes Japetus Smith (1813-1897), Daniah zoologist; mentioned,	92.
Stevenson, Alan (1807-1865), civil engineer; mentioned,	64.
Stirling, James Hutchinson (1820-1909), Scottish philosopher; mentioned,	428.
Stokes, Charles (1784-1853), Stockbroker, amateur collector, naturalist, FRS 1821; mentioned,	59.
Stokes, Francis Griffin, of The Nook, Alma Road, Windsor; letter to,	541.
Stokes, George Gabriel (1819-1903), mathematician, physicist, FRS 1851: letter to,	480.
Studer, Bernhard; mentioned,	65.
Stutchbury, Mr., of Bristol; mentioned,	72.
Suess, Edward (1831-1914), geologist, President of Imperial Austrian Academy of Sciences; letter to,	397.
Sulivan, Bartholomew James (1810-1890), hydrographer, lieutenant on Beagle 1831-1836, careful observer, naval officer; mentioned,	79, 289.
Surman, F. W., secretary to Eramus Alvey Darwin; letters to,	607, 608.
Sutherland, Peter C.; mentioned,	107.
Swinhoe, Robert (1836-1877), consul, naturalist, ornithologist, botanist, FRS 1876; mentioned,	246, 311, 407.
Sykes, William Henry (1790-1872), naturalist, soldier; letter to,	185;
Tait, Robert Lawson (1845-1899), sugeon; mentioned,	465, 480.
Talandier, Pierre Theodore Alfred; mentioned,	193.
Tearle, W.; letter to,	572.
Tegetmeier, William Bernhard (1816-1912), ornithologist, poultry expert, pigeon fancier, FZS; letters to,	279, 458;
Tegetthoff, Wilhelm von (d. 1871), Austrian admiral, explorer; mentioned,	397.
Temminck, Coenraad Jacob (1778-1858), ornithologist, naturalist; mentioned,	60.
Tennent, James Emerson (1804-1869), traveler, politician, author, FRS 1862; mentioned,	168, 325.
Thomson, Robert, of Beaufort, S.C., USA; letter to,	536.
Thomson, William, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907, physicist; mentioned,	330.
Thorley, Miss, a governess at Down House; mentioned,	141.
Thwaites, George Henry Kendrick (1811-1882), botanist, entomologist, FRS 1865; letters to,	118, 125, 150, 278, 280, 293, 295, 297, 325, 335, 341, 342, 343, 354, 358, 508.
Tomes, Robert Fisher; mentioned,	231.
Trego, Charles B. (1794-1874), American geologist, teacher, legislator, Secretary of APS 1848-74; letter to,	378.
Trevelyan, W. C.; mentioned,	255.
Trimmer, Joshua (1795-1857), geologist, agriculturalist; mentioned,	107.
Truelove, Edward (1809-1899), socialist, publisher; letter to,	539.
Tscharner, H. Adorne de; mentioned,	455.
Turner, Sharon; mentioned,	5.
Tyndall, John (1820-1893), physicist, geologist, mathematician, naturalist, FRS 1852; mentioned,	327, 513.
Ure, Andrew (1778-1857), chemist, physician, geologist, scientific writer; mentioned,	45.
Van Dyck, W.; mentioned,	618.
Vaux, William Sandys Wright (1818-1885), antiquary, held various posts in department of antiquities of British Museum 1841-death, FRS 1868; mentioned,	128.
Veitch, James & Sons; mentioned,	298.
Velie, Jacob W., American dentist, naturalist, Curator of Chicago Academy of Sciences 1879-93; mentioned,	324.
Vignoli, Tito (1828-1914), Italian psychologist; mentioned,	558.
Villa Franca, Baron de; mentioned,	610, 611.
Vrangel, Ferdinand Petrovich, Baron von (1794-1870), Russo-German soldier, diplomat, explorer; mentioned,	216.
Wagner, Rudolph (1805-1864), German anatomist, physiologist; mentioned,	223, 318.
Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913), naturalist, traveler, co-originator with CD of the theory of evolution by natural selection, FRS 1893; mentioned,	153, 167, 330, 367, 579.
Walsh, Benjamin Dann (1808-1869), English-American entomologist; mentioned,	324.
Waterhouse, George Robert (1810-1888), naturalist, entomologist; letter to,	69;
Watkins, Frederick (1808-1888), divine; mentioned,	5.
Watson, Hewett Cottrell (1804-1881), botanist, FLS 1834; mentioned,	190, 233.
Way, Albert (1805-1874), antiquary, schoolmate of CD; letter to,	205.
Weale, James Philip Mansel (b.ca. 1838), naturalist in Africa; letters to,	308, 326, 380, 435.
Webb, Philip Barker (1793-1854), botanist; mentioned,	131.
Weddell, Hugh Algernon (1819-1877), botanist, physician, authority on Cinchona, FLS 1859; mentioned,	278.
Wedgwood, Frances Mackintosh, or Fanny (d. 1889), wife of Hensleigh Wedgwood (1803-1891), called "Fanny Hensleigh" by Darwin family; letter to,	300.
Wedgwood, Frances Mosley; mentioned,	439.
Wedgwood, Hensleigh (1803-1891), philologist, cousin of CD; letter to,	573;
Wedgwood, Hope Elizabeth (b. 1844), daughter of Hensleigh Wedgwood; mentioned,	300.
Wedgwood, James Mackintosh; mentioned,	300.
Wedgwood, Josiah, of Leith Hill Place (1795-1880), cousin and brother-in-law of CD; mentioned,	573.
Wedgwood, Sarah Elizabeth (1778-1856), aunt of CD; mentioned,	140.
Weir, John Jenner (1822-1894), ornithologist, etymologist, controller-general of customs; letters to,	348, 466.
Weismann, August Friedrich Leopold (1834-1914), German naturalist, biologist, FRS 1910; mentioned,	416, 468, 486.
Westwood, John Obadiah (1805-1893), entomologist, palaeontographer; mentioned,	508.
Whewell, William (1794-1866), mathematician, geologist, philosopher, scientist, FRS 1820; mentioned,	60, 115.
Whitby,Mrs. Mrs. M. A. T., of Newlands, near Lymington, Hants; letter to,	61.
Whitley, Charles Thomas (d. 1895), clergyman, first cousin of John Maurice Herbert, schoolmate of CD; letter to,	3;
Wiesner, Julius Ritter von (1838-1916), plant physiologist; mentioned,	602.
Wilberforce, Samuel (1805-1873), Bishop of Oxford, opponent of Darwinism; mentioned,	201.
Wilkes, Charles (1798-1877), American naval officer, explorer; letter to,	6.
Willemoes-Suhm, Rudolf von (d. 1877); mentioned,	525.
Williams, Mr., medium; mentioned,	513, 548, 549.
Williams & Norgate, publishers; mentioned,	144.
Wollaston, Thomas Vernon (1822-1878), entomologist, conchologist, expert on Madeiras insects, FLS 1847; mentioned,	115, 127, 252.
Wood, -----; mentioned,	418, 432.
Wood, Searles, Valentine (1798-1880); mentioned,	96.
Wood, T. W., artist; mentioned,	351.
Woodward, Samuel Pickworth (1821-1865), geologist, naturalist, FGS 1854; letter to,	129;
Yarrell, William; mentioned,	117.
Young, John (1823-1900), geologist, FGS 1874; mentioned,	614.
Zacharias, Otto; letters to,	510,
Zarco, João Gonçalvez (ca. late 1300's-1500's), Portuguese navigator; mentioned,	252.