Born in Andover, England, the eldest son of Turner Poulter Clarke, Charles Baron Clarke (1832-1906) developed an interest in botany early in life which he pursued avidly while employed in the colonial service in India. At Trinity College, Cambridge (1852-1856), Clarke was immersed in a socially and politically progressive set that included Henry Fawcett, Leslie Stephen, and John Rigby, and he maintained these friendships and political connections throughout the remainder of his life. Never entering politics himself, he lent assistance to Fawcett during two campaigns for office in the mid-1860s, and he occasionally entered into political discussions as a pamphleteering critic of free trade.

After receiving an MA at Lincoln's Inn in 1859, Clarke was also elected Fellow and Lecturer in Mathematics at Queen's College, Cambridge, where he remained until 1865. His interest in botany grew during his years in Cambridge, and he frequently took part in arduous hiking and botanizing expeditions in England and the continent. Although critical of some aspects of British colonial policy, he was himself a staunch colonialist, and like his elder brother before him, turned his eyes eastward to further his career.

Clarke entered the civil service in Bengal in 1865, joining the staff of Presidency College in Calcutta and winning appointment as inspector of schools in eastern Bengal. As inspector, his duties took him to schools throughout Bengal, enabling him to collect plants from a startling range of localities and habitats which he meticulously documented in building an unparalleled herbarium of native species. After his transfer to Darjeeling in 1875, Clarke found time to survey the unique flora of Nepal and Bhutan, and during a furlough in 1876, he visited Kashmir, all the while expanding the depth and breadth of his collection. Not merely a collector, Clarke published regularly on his discoveries, producing two major monographs while in India, Commelynaceae et Cyrtandraceae Bengalenses (Calcutta, 1874) and Compositae Indicae Descriptae et Secus Genera Benthamii Ordinatae (Calcutta, 1876).

During his return home on furlough from 1877 to 1879, Clarke presented his herbarium to the botanical gardens at Kew. Numbering over 25,000 specimens and 5,000 species -- the truly massive fruits of colonial natural science -- Clarke's herbarium was a sufficiently important collection to merit retaining him at Kew to assist in its description and its incorporation into volumes 2, 3, and 4 of Joseph Hooker's Flora of British India. It was not until 1883 that Clarke finally returned to India to resume his duties as inspector of schools. During this second tour of duty, he was assigned to Shillong, Assam, near the "frontier" with Burma, enabling him to collect in yet another region. In 1887, Clarke returned home for good and settled at Kew to concentrate his efforts on botany. His later publications, issued mainly through the Transactions of the Linnean Society, include studies of plants from the Philippines, Africa, South America, and Asia.

Clarke gained wide recognition in British scientific circles for his work. In addition to being named superintendent of the botanical gardens in Calcutta from 1869-1871, he became a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1867 (of which he was President from 1894-1896), of the Geological Society in 1868, and of the Royal Society (1882). Never married, Clarke died at home in Kew in 1906 after overexerting himself while bicycling.

The Charles Baron Clarke Papers represent a small, but diverse assemblage of the correspondence of one of England's prominent colonial botanists during the last half of the nineteenth century. Consisting of fifteen letters, five pamphlets, and one photograph, the collection provides little commentary on Clarke's botanical activities, per se, but does provide valuable contextual information for understanding his position in India and his social and political views.

The most insightful letters in the collection are the two written from Bengal in 1867 and 1869 and three from Assam in 1885 and 1886 in which Clarke informs his father and elder brother, Edward, of the state of the colonial administration in Bengal and on unrest in Bengal and Burma. On balance, these letters present a picture of Clarke as a politically engaged functionary of the colonial regime, inclined to a heavy handed paternalism aimed at controlling the "native" population exemplified by his insistence in 1886 that troubles with the Burmese resistance demonstrated the need for the annexation of Burma.

The letters written after Clarke's return to England are of lesser interest, but include one memorable response to criticism of his pamphlet on free trade: "Dogs, ladies, and authors can endure anything better than silent contempt. Strong abuse of a book sells it." The last six letters in the collection -- written by Clarke to his niece, Eva Ducat, in 1905-1906 -- concern Ducat's impending visits.

The Clarke Papers include five printed works: two stemming from his position as school inspector in Bengal, and one each on the stone monuments of the Khasi hills, Bengali music, and free trade. These have been transferred to the Printed Materials Department. Two of Clarke's botanical works are also located in the Printed Materials Department.

None.

Acquired 1990.

Cite as: Charles Baron Clarke Papers, American Philosophical Society.

Lethbridge, E., The World's History (Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co., 1974)

Clarke, Charles Baron, A Geographical Reader and Companion to the Atlas (London: MacMillan & Co., 1876)

Clarke, Charles Baron, On Free Trade (London, MacMillan & Co., 1903)

Clarke, Charles Baron, "Stone Monuments of the Khasi Hills," Journal of the Anthropological Institute (1874). 2 copies

[Clarke, Charles Baron, "Art. VI. Bengali Music" (S.l., n.d.)]

Clarke, Charles Baron, The Cyperaceae of Costa Rica. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 10, no. 6. (Washington: G.P.O. 1907). Call no.: 580.7 Sm6

Clarke, Charles Baron, Commelynaceae et cyrtandraceae Bengalenses (Calcutta: Thacker, 1874). Call no.: 581.954 C55

Subject	Reference
Assam (India)--Description and travel	1885 March 9
Assam (India)--Politics and government	1886 March 8 1886 January 7
Authors	1886 December 14
Bridges--India	1869 January 31
Burmese War, 1885	1885 March 9 1886 March 8
Churchill, Randolph Henry Spencer, Lord, 1849-1895	1885 March 9
Dufferin and Ava, Frederick Temple Blackwood, Marquis of, 1826-1902	1886 January 7
Earthquakes--India	1869 January 31
East Indians	1867 June 1
Free trade	1886 December 7 On Free Trade, 1903
Geography	A Geographical Reader and Companion to the Atlas, 1876
Great Britain--Politics and government--1837-1901	1886 January 7
India--Description and travel	1867 June 1 1869 January 31
Music--India	n.d., Bengali Music
Muslims--India	1867 June 1
Rice--India	1869 January 31
World history	The World's History, 1874