Background note
The cytologist John Belling struggled through a life that saw his career repeatedly delayed and interrupted by severe depression
and hospitalization. Born in Aldershot Camp, England, on October 7, 1866, the son of a Army schoolmaster, Belling was employed
as a teacher of science in secondary schools from the age of 16. An excellent student, he learned botany and zoology through
coursework at the workingmen's Birkbeck Institute in London before entering Mason College at the University of Birmingham
in 1892, and earning his BSc (Honors) from the University College, London, two years later. Belling's attempts to craft an
academic career for himself began well, when he was appointed resident lectuer at the Horticultural College in Swanley, however
by the end of the decade, with further advancement stalled, he returned to teaching in secondary schools.
In 1901, Belling fairly literally changed course, taking a position with the Imperial Department of Agriculture in the West
Indies, and emigrating to the United States six years later to work as an assistant botanist with the Florida Experimental
Station. His research on plant hybridization and patterns of inheritance resulted in several well-regarded publications in
the Bulletin of the Florida Experiment Station, using, in part, his talents for preparing stained slides of chromosomes. The promise
of this work was curtailed in 1916, when Belling was forced to resign due to ill health, attributed publicly to the Florida
climate. In actuality, though, Belling suffered from a severe depression that required hospitalization.
With the assistance of Paul Popenoe, Belling came to Washington in 1918 or 1919, but Belling's erratic behavior soon resulted
in another period of hospitalization. Sewall Wright, who come to know Belling, arranged to have the ailing cytologist come
live with his parents, who had recently moved to Maryland, and in 1919, Belling met and, in short order, married Wright's
Aunt Hannah. By the fall, he had recovered enough to search for a new position, landing an unpaid research post under Albert
Blakeslee at Cold Spring Harbor.
Belling's success in his first year at the Laboratory encouraged Blakeslee to commute him to the payroll as assistant cytologist
in the Department of Genetics, where he was initially assigned to work on the relationship between chromosomal abnormalities
and hyrbid sterility. A fine microscopist and master technician, Belling developed an iron acetocarmine stain for chromosomes
that soon paid huge dividends in the form of a series of important papers in the cytogenetics of Datura, most co-authored with Blakeslee. Using acetocarmine, Belling provided accurate counts of chromosomal numbers in a variety
of angiosperm genera and more importantly, he and Blakeslee became the first to demonstrate the interchange of segments between
non-homologous chromosomes. His work on crossing over gained wide recognition in the early 1930s, when both his staining
technique and findings were taken up and furthered by his friend, Barbara McClintock. Belling was recognized with an honorary
DSc. from the University of Maine in 1922.
But as his career was gaining steam, Belling once again ground to a halt. He was forced to suspend his research in December
1924 having spiraled downward yet again into what Charles Davenport described as "a severe and somewhat prolonged depression
in spirits." For three years, Belling was confined in the King's Park State Hospital, an asylum for the mentally ill, continuing
his botanical research only sporadically. When Hannah died in 1926, he lost a colleague as well as partner, spinning him
deeper into depression and leaving him, as his brother later wrote, alone apart from the benevolent care of the Carnegie Institution.
Feeling that a change of scenery would be of benefit, and with Belling stewing over what he pereceived to be Blakeslee's exploitation
of his talents, Belling's friends arranged for him to leave King's Park in October 1927 to take up an offer from E. B. Babcock
at the University of California. Babcock had worked with Belling and Blakeslee since at least 1924, and in concert with Davenport,
agreed to arrange laboratory space for Belling to continue his research out west, while still under the employ of Cold Spring
Harbor.
Belling's superlative technical skills helped him once again to return to productive work, now focused on the cytogenetics
of hyacinths and lilies. He gained a measure of recognition for his claim in 1928 to having observed the actual, physical
genes on chromosomes. Chromomeres, he suggested, small condensations along the length of chromosomes, were in fact genes,
and on this basis he made the relatively accurate estimate of several thousand genes in a typical angiosperm.
A productive author when he was well, Belling wrote several papers and small monographs on plant chromosomes and cytology,
a popular text on microscopy, and two slender books of poetry, Life (San Francisco, 1928) and The Life World: Poems of Science (San Francisco, 1930). Yet as his career appeared once again to be gaining momentum, fate stepped in. Belling died unexpectedly
on February 28, 1933, of unstated causes. His major monograph on the current state of research on chromosomes was left incomplete.
Scope and content
The Belling Collection consists of four photograph albums, 38 lantern slides, and a number of glass negatives and photographic
prints of preparations of plant chromosomes. These images appear to represent the products of his research during his years
at Berkeley, 1928-1933, reflecting his interests in the cytogenetics of lilies and other flowering plants. The images laid
into the photograph albums are fully labeled, but the majority of the rest are not.
The collection is organized in three series, based largely on format.
Arrangement
|
|
|
| Series I. Bibliographic card files |
1.5 boxes |
ca.1928-1933 |
| Series II. Photographs |
1.5 boxes |
ca.1928-1933 |
| Series III. Photo albums |
4 vols. |
ca.1928-1933 |
Administrative information
Restrictions
None.
Provenance
Custodial history: The images in the Belling Collection were given by David Perkins to Joseph Gall, who donated them to the APS in May 2002.
Preferred citation
Cite as: John Belling Collection, American Philosophical Society.
Processing information
Recatalogued by rsc, 2002.
Additional information
Separated material
Copies of Belling's books of poetry have been transferred to the Printed Materials Department.
Related material
The Albert Blakeslee Papers contain approximately 15 letters between Blakeslee and John and Hannah Belling, 1925-1928. The
correspondence deals primarily with Belling's and Blakeslee's publications on the cytogenetics of Datura and the "wiry" mutant and, by implication, they document Hannah Belling's efforts on behalf of her husband during his bouts
of depression.
Two other collections contain significant letters from Belling. The Demerec Papers contain three letters between Belling
and Milislav Demerec, 1931, concerning Belling's cytological demonstration of crossing-over in liliaceous plants and his plans
to write a text on karyology, and the Sewall Wright Papers contain three letters, 1932, between Belling and Wright, discussing
one of Belling's papers.
The largest body of correspondence relating to Belling in APS collections, six folders, is located in the Cold Spring Harbor
Series of the Charles Davenport Papers. The Belling files provide background information on Belling and document the course
of his academic career from approximately 1906 through his death in 1933. The collection includes a typescript copy of Belling's
"A working hypothesis for segmental interchange between homologous chromosomes in flowering plants," 1928, copies of his progress
reports to the Carnegie Institution detailing his research, a brief and lightly sanitized obituary, and an interesting letter
from Belling's brother, James, written after Belling's death.
Charles Davenport's correspondence with E.B. Babcock (Davenport Papers, Series I) provides valuable information on Belling's
move to Berkeley in 1927-1928, and Davenport's laudable efforts on Belling's behalf.
A small collection of Belling's correspondence, written while employed at the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, is
located in the Department of Special Collections and University Archives, University of Florida.
Information on John and Hannah Belling is locatied in the Quincy Wright Papers, Regenstein Library, University of Chicago.
References
Belling, John, Use of the Microscope (N.Y.: McGraw Hill, 1930).
Provine, William B., Sewall Wright and Evolutionary Biology (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1986). Call no.: B W937p. For information on Belling, see pp.101-102.
Return to MOLE