¹I think particularly of Alexander Dallas Bache, Joseph Henry, and Alfred Perkins Rockwell, whose accounts are in the following bibliography.

²Eugene S. Ferguson, "The Mind's Eye: Nonverbal Thought in Technology," Science 197 (26 August 1977): 827-36.

³William L. Sachse, The Colonial American in Britain (Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1956); Paul R. Baker, The Fortunate Pilgrims: Americans in Italy, 1800-1860 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964); Bruce Sinclair, "Americans Abroad: Science and Cultural Nationalism in the Early Nineteenth Century," The Sciences in the American Context: New Perspectives (1979) and Russell M. Jones, "American Doctors in Paris, 1820-1861," Journal of` the History of Medicine 25 (April 1970): 143-57 (including a 5-page bibliography of visitors' accounts), are the most recent studies I have seen. Older works include: Anna M. Babey, Americans in Russia, I776-1917(New York: The Comet Press, 1938); Whitfield J. Bell, Jr., "Philadelphia Medical Students in Europe, 1750-1800," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 67 (January 1943): 1-29; David Sanders Clark, Comp., "American Travelers and Observers in the British Isles, 1850-1875, A Bibliography" (Cleveland, Oh.: Typescript, 1940); Carrie Evangeline Farnham, American Travellers in Spain: the Spanish Inns, 1776-1876 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1921); Howard R. Marraro, "American Travellers in Rome," Catholic Historical Review 19 (1944): 470-509; Robert Belmain Mowat, Americans in England (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1935); Robert C. L. Scott, "American Travellers in France, 1830-1860" (Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 1940).

⁴Benjamin Silliman, A Visit to Europe in 1851. 2 vols. (New York: G. P. Putnam and Company, 1854), 1:78.

⁵In what follows unfootnoted sources are those which are included in the bibliography.

⁶Department of War to Sylvanus Thayer, 20 April 1815, reel 2, film 417, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

⁷Others include Dennis Hart Mahan, George Wurtz Hughes (see no. 17 in bibliography), Richard Delafield, Alfred Mordecai, and George B. McClellan.

⁸Louis P. Cain, "Raising and Watering a City: Ellis Sylvester Chesbrough and Chicago's First Sanitation System," Technology and Culture 13 (July 1972): 363.

⁹Jones, "American Doctors in Paris," p. 150; Russell M. Jones, "American Doctors and the Parisian Medical World, 1830-1840," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 47 (1973): 40-65, 177-204. The latter article revises Jones's estimate of 178 Americans studying medicine in Paris in the 1830s upward to 222; presumably his estimates for the other decades of 1820-1861 have risen also. Whitfield Bell's publications may be most conveniently located in the catalogue of the American Philosophical Society Library.

¹⁰R. W. Innes, English-Speaking Students at the University of Leyden (Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd, 1932) lists 21 students from the North Atlantic coastal colonies and (later) the United States, 1729-1795. Margaret W. Rossiter, The Emergence of Agricultural Science: Justus Liebig and the Americans, 1840-1880 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1975), pp. 186-192, Lists 33 students studying under Liebig at Giessen and Munich, 1841-1860.

¹¹Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Julian P. Boyd and Charles T. Cullen, eds. 21 vols. to date (Princeton, N. J: Princeton University Press, 1950- ), 9: 445.

¹²Joseph G. Naurede, 2 December 1840, to Larrey, Larrey Letters, microfilm, American Philosophical Society Library.

¹³Wilbur Fisk, Travels in Europe; Pit., in England, Ireland, Scotland, France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, and the Netherlands. 4th ed. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1838), p. 612.

¹⁴In addition to the sources in note 3, a useful approach to travel literature is Harold F. Smith's American Travellers Abroad: A Bibliography of Accounts Published Before 1900 (Carbondale-Edwardsville, Ill.: The Library, Southern Illinois University, 1969).

¹⁵Valentine Mott, Travels in Europe and the East (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1842),--V11.

¹⁶Darwin H. Stapleton, "The Transfer of Technology to the United States in the Nineteenth Century" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Delaware, 1975), p. 84.

¹⁷Anthony F. C. Wallace, Rockdale (New York: Knopf, 1978), pp. 211-19.

¹⁸"Diary of Horatio Allen: 1828 (England)," Bulletin of the Railway and Locomotive Historical Society 89 (November 1953): 100-04.

¹⁹Note Eugene S. Ferguson's comment (first published in 1962) that "The stream of travelers going to Europe to obtain mechanical and engineering information was important, but its magnitude is not known with any precision. I suspect that it was perhaps five times as great as the best-informed scholars today would estimate it to be." Edwin T. Layton, Jr., ed., Technology and Social Change in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1973), pp. 23-24.

²⁰Samuel Curwen, Journal and Letters of the late Samuel Curwen, Judge of the Admiralty, etc., An American Refugee in England from 1775 to 1784 ... George Atkinson Ward, ed. (New York: C. S. Francis and Co., 1842), p. 136; Benjamin Franklin Peale, 13 October 1834, to Moore, IX A/4B13, in The Collected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family. Lillian B. Miller, ed. (Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus Microform, 1980).