Key to Marks and Abbreviations

* Member of the American Philosophical Society

Appleton's John Grant Wilson and John Fiske, eds. Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography. 6 vols. (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1888-1889).

APS American Philosophical Society

BDAS Clark A. Elliott, Biographical Dictionary of American Scientists (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979).

DAB Allen Johnson and Dumas Malone, eds., Dictionary of American Biography. 20 vols. (New York: Scribners', 1928-1936).

DSR Charles C. Gillispie, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 16 vols. (New York: Scribners', 1970-1980).