Neuberg, Car1(1877-1956). Biochemist.

Papers, ca. 1929-1956, ca. 10,000 items (12 In.ft.).

Carl Neuberg was one of Germany's most important biochemists, from intellectual, institutional, and commercial standpoints. His investigations were reflected in over 900 publications covering sugar chemistry, fermentation processes, enzyme chemistry, amino acid studies, and phenomena of biochemical reduction and phosphorylation in living cells. He was the founder and editor of the Biochemische Zeitschrtft (1906), and from the early 1920s until 1937 was director of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute for Experimental Therapy and of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute for Biochemistry.

After being ousted by the Hitler regime, Neuberg's odyssey through Holland, Palestine, Iraq, Iran, India, and New Guinea finally brought him to New York in 1940 at the age of sixty-three. With the exception of correspondence with his friend Kurt Jacobson in Portugal (5 files, 1929-1956), with a few German industries (4 files, ca. 1916-1945), with the Kaiser Wilhelm Society and Institutes (5 files, ca. 1913- 1952), and with the German War Department (2 files, 1916) the Neuberg Papers (correspondence, laboratory notebooks, documents, photographs, and reprints) date from his arrival in America.

According to Neuberg, he had arrived "ten years too late to find a proper position". Relative to other prominent émigré biochemists (Bergmann*, Chargaff**,, Schoenheimer, etc.), Neuberg did not fare well in his new country. The tiny laboratory at New York University and the facilities he later obtained at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute were inadequate for a substantial research program. He continued to investigate problems of relevance to commercial chemical processes, especially in the pharmaceutical and fermentation industries. There are about 35 correspondence files documenting his contacts with commercial houses, among them Anheuser-Busch (1942-1956); Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Co. (1942-1953); Federal Yeast Corporation (1943-1956); Hoffmann-La Roche (1944-1954); Lederle Laboratories (1943-1949); Monsanto Chemical Co. (1942-1948); National Grain Yeast Corp. (1942-1949); National Sugar Refining Co. (1944-1952); Rohm and Haas Co. (1942-1948); E. R. Squibb and Sons (1948-1953); and Standard Oil Co. (1946-1948).

Neuberg also continued his fundamental research in cell chemistry, with moderate support from private and public sources. His studies on solubility and transport phenomena in cells and tissues were relevant to several fields in the life sciences, such as agriculture, nutrition, cytology, and oncology, leading to projects supported by the United States government. The files on government-sponsored research contain a wealth of information -- proposals, contracts, progress reports, and letters-highlighting the growing linkages between the life sciences, government, and the military during the postwar era.

Of special interest is the correspondence with the American Cancer Society (5 files, 1949-1956); the Nutrition Foundation (1943-1945); the Rockefeller Foundation (1941), grant application and rejection; U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (3 files, 1949-1953), grant applications and approval of projects on solubility and metabolism of soil metals; U.S. Department of Agriculture (2 files, 1944-1950); Office of Naval Research (4 files, 19501955), proposals, reports, renewals, and contracts on cell transport projects; U.S. Public Health Service (8 files, 1943-1955), on grants for phosphorous compounds and solubility in cells.

Throughout his life in the United States, Neuberg remained attached to European science and to international causes in science. Aside from founding the American Society of European Chemists (1 file, 1948-1954), he maintained correspondence with scientists from other countries, including Japan. Neuberg's correspondence with prominent German chemists (in German) is very informative on postwar German science, issues surrounding the intellectual migration, and Neuberg's misfortune in particular.

The main correspondents are: E. Abderhalden (1945-1949), on differences between American and German science, and on Max Bergmann*; R. Adams (1946-1948), on Adams's impressions of postwar Germany; L. Anschütz (1948-1955); H.C.S. Aron (2 files, 1942-1955); A. Butenandt** (1947-1956); H. J. Deuticke (1951-1956); H. von Euler (1947-195Ci); H. Fromageot (1940-1953); H. Gaffron (1943-1956), on research interests, and technical and social issues; Otto Hahn (1947-1956), on issues related to Neuberg's directorship of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute; K. Jacobson (5 files, 1924-1956), scientific, professional, and personal communications; D. Mazia (1955-1956), on Neuberg's difficult times in America; Otto Meyerhoff (1947-1949); L. Michaelis (1947-1949); D. Nachmanson (19471945); F. F. Nord (1942-1956); Severe Ochoa (1947-1955), on important aspects of Ochoa's career; K. G. Stern (1943-1956), on interesting professional issues; Otto Warburg (1948-1956); H. Wieland** (1946-1955), on German and American chemistry and common colleagues.

Olitsky, Peter Kosciusko (1866-1964). Pathologist, microbiologist.

Papers, 1917-1964, ca. 2500 items.

The career of Peter K. Olitsky at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research spanned more than three decades, a period that included basic research in virology, biomedical war projects (World Wars I and II), travel to Europe and to China to investigate viral epidemics, and work on animal and plant viruses for the United States Department of Agriculture. The collection documents these major aspects of Olitsky's career.

The papers are a good source for tracing important episodes in virology research, such as studies of plant and animal viruses, neurotropic viruses, the problem of poliomyelitis, and aspects related to the development of the Sabin and Salk vaccines. The material on virus research includes correspondence with J. Bronfenbrenner; P. Rous* (3 files, 1920-1940s); A. Sabin (13 files, 1930s-1940s); R. H. Yager (4 files, 1930s); R. Wyckoff**; H. Zinsser (1920-1930s); and a file on foot-and-mouth disease (1920s). There are also communications with A. C. Abbott (1920); E. Abderhalden (1920s); H. L. Amoss; W. B. Cannon* (1930s); A. Carrel; P. De Kruif; H. S. Gasser; F. L. Gates; F. Horsfall; I. M. Morgan (6 files); and T. M. Rivers*. In addition to correspondence, there is material on Olitsky's laboratory research, including records of experiments and development of vaccines, and medical war research.

The collection is also a valuable source on the relation of microbiology to government projects and military needs. Of special interest is the correspondence with Olitsky's colleague from the United States Public Health Service, H. R. Cox (7 files, 1920s), and with L. Beet (3 files), documenting the work on foot-and-mouth disease; the U.S. War Department (2 files on work during World War I); and World War II Commission Report (9 files).

The Olitsky collection contains 11 files of correspondence with Simon Flexner*, and is complemented by the Flexner Papers*, which contain 7 files (1917-1939) on Olitsky, relating to viral epidemics Olitsky was investigating, research on plant and animal viruses, and Olitsky's scientific travels.

Osterhout, John Van Leuven (1871-1964). Physiologist. APS 1917.

Papers, 1894-1961, ca. 2500 items (3 ln.ft.).

The Osterhout Collection records the scientific career of Winthrop John Van Leuven Osterhout from the turn of the century to the 1950s. The correspondence, drafts of papers, lectures, and photographs document significant trends in American life sciences. Having begun at the botany department at Brown University, Osterhout continued working in botany at Berkeley (where he completed his doctorate in 1899) on problems of cell division in plants. While a professor of botany at Harvard (1909-1924) he began his innovative research program on the physico-chemical properties of membranes and cytoplasm of algae cells. He expanded this program (related to neurophysiology) after succeeding his late mentor Jacques Loeb** in 1924 as head of the physiology department at the Rockefeller Institute. During these years Osterhout was also associated with the marine laboratories in Pacific Grove, Woods Hole, and Bermuda, and with the Agassiz Museum; he was also a founding editor of the Journal of General Physiology.

As his papers show, Osterhout's scientific path bridged two major intellectual traditions: the agricultural and the medical, linking studies in botany and zoology with the new discipline of general physiology. His research program also reflected the shift in emphasis from morphological to physico-chemical problems in physiology. Indeed, his studies at the Rockefeller Institute of membrane permeability and bio-electric phenomena merged important areas in biochemistry, biophysics, and physiology (especially neurophysiology), as is reflected in his correspondence with other leaders in these fields.

The correspondents include: J. J. Abel (1925); E. Abderhalden (1936); American Association for the Advancement of Science (1913), on the organization of sessions in plant physiology; American Society of Plant Physiology (1926-1927), with material on European research; Svante Arrhenius** (1906-1924), many long letters from Arrhenius on topics in physical chemistry and biophysics, cultural issues, institutional involvements, Nobel Prizes, politics, the war and the international scientific community; M. Bergmann* (1942); Bioelectric Potentials (1946), conference papers; B. Brierly (1925), including a significant document on the organization of the Rothamsted Experimental Station, and correspondence on postwar conditions in England; L. Burbank (1897-1909), on plant breeding; W. B. Cannon* (1920s and 1930s), scientific correspondence; K. S. Cole (19461959), on biophysics; J. B. Conant (interwar period), scientific correspondence; W. J. Crozier (ca. 1920s-1950s), on the organization of research in the life sciences; H. De Vries (1902-1935), impressions of American research institutions of life sciences; F. G. Donnan (1929-1937), on plant physiology; S. Flexner* (1924-1940, ca. 200 items), on major trends in cytology, physiology, neurophysiology, and biophysics, and progress reports; J. Kirkwood (1942-1955), scientific exchanges; F. R. Lillie** (1920s-1930s), informative letters on Woods Hole; J. Loeb** (1909-1922), a great deal about scientific, administrative, and personal aspects of Loeb's tenure at Berkeley; J. C. Merriam (1925-1926), on research at the Tortuga Station; T. H. Morgan (1924-1926), administrative correspondence; J. H. Northrop** (1934-1964), scientific correspondence and editorial communications; E. O'Neiil (1910), an important letter about Loeb and developing the life sciences at Berkeley; W. J. V. Osterhout (ca. 10 files, 1899-1961), including records on the Bermuda Station, administrative issues in general physiology, and Osterhout's Ph.D. thesis on pre-Mendelian chromosome research; G. H. Parker (1913-1956), general physiology at Harvard, and science and politics; H. Shapley (1928-1954), general physiology and politics at Harvard. This correspondence is complemented by the Osterhout file (1927-1941) of scientific and administrative correspondence in the Flexner Papers*.

Rivers,Thomas Milton (1888- 1962). Medical virologist. APS 1942.

Papers, ca. 1941-1963, ca. 10,000 items (11 ln.ft.).

Thomas Milton Rivers came to the hospital of the Rockefeller Institute in 1922 with the aim of establishing a research program in the new field of viral diseases. During the following fifteen years Rivers conducted studies on chicken pox and on viruses which cause psittacosis, poliomyelitis, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis, and developed methods for producing a smallpox vaccine for use in children. When Rivers was made director of the Institute's hospital in 1937, he was a world authority on virus research, a field that was then undergoing rapid growth as part of the nascent molecular biology program. During his directorship (1937-1955), Rivers was an active coordinator of medical war projects, and a principal organizer of research programs within the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (N.F.I.P); the N.F.I.P. became a major pursuit after his retiring from the Institute.

Due to Rivers's prominence and his wide range of administrative activities, his papers include correspondence with many leading researchers and administrators in the life sciences, especially with those in fields related to microbiology and molecular biology. However, the correspondence with individuals tends to be brief and formal, touching mainly on administrative concerns. Furthermore, because the collection begins in 1940, there is little of substance (apart from early laboratory notes) to document the earlier stage of Rivers's scientific career. However, the Flexner Papers* include 4 files (1922-1949), which contain records on Rivers's virus research, and on administrative aspects of his department and the hospital.

The correspondents include: C. H. Andrewes, O. T. Avery, F. C. Bawden, D. W. Bronk, M. Burnet, J. M. Cattell, S. Cohen, E. J. Cohn**, M. Delbrück, M. Demerec*, R. Dubos, R. Dulbecco, V. Du Vigneaud**, A. Gratia, A. Gregg, A. D. Hershey, A. Hollaender*, F. Horsfall, S. E. Luria, A. Lwoff, W.r.V. Osterhout*, A. Sabin (4 files 1950s), T. Salk (9 files, 1950s-1960s), W. M. Stanley**, E. L. Tatum, A. Tiselius**, and H. Zinsser.

In spite of their limitations, the Rivers Papers are a valuable source in four areas: 1) the growth of American institutions of the life sciences in the postwar era, 2) biomedical war research and the Navy, 3) the development of virology, and 4) research on poliomyelitis and the development of the Salk vaccine.

Selected files documenting the first area are: American Public Health Association, Guggenheim Foundation, National Academy of Sciences (6 files), National Institutes of Health (4 files), National Research Council (3 files), Public Health Research Institute(l5 files), Rockefeller Institute (ca. 25 files).

Selected files in the second area are: Armed Forces Epidemiological Board (3 files), History of U.S. Medical Research Unit No. 2 (5 files), U.S. Department of Defense (3 files), U.S. Department of Navy (8 files).

Selected files in the third area are: Conference on Inactivation of Viruses, Conference on Tissue Culture, Conference on Virus-Host Cell Relationships, International Congresses for Microbiology (4 files), T. M. Rivers (ca. 20 files on general aspects of virus research).

Selected files in the fourth area are: International Poliomyelitis Congresses (4 files), N.F.I.P. (ca. 20 files), B. O'Connor (7 files), Poliomyelitis (6 files), A. Sabin (4 files), J. Salk (9 files).

Robbins, William Jacob (1890-1978). Botanist, plant physiologist. APS 1941.

Papers, 1898-1974, ca. 1500 items.

William Jacob Robbins was a highly influential member of the scientific establishment that came into being after World War I. His research focused on culture methods of plants in relation to biochemistry and nutrition, especially on the synthetic abilities of fungi. His studies, which emphasized a physico-chemical approach to botany, paralleled the scientific agenda of the Rockefeller Foundation, an agency with which he was closely associated for years as adviser and trustee.

His most important influence was in the organization and administration of scientific research. Beginning as professor of botany and chairman of the botany department at the University of Missouri in 1919, Robbins went on to become dean and president. While on leave from the University of Missouri, he was a member of the European Office of the Rockefeller Foundation (1928-1930), and was chairman of the National Research Council (NRC) Fellowship Board in the Biological Sciences (1931-1937). From 1937 until 1957 Robbins was director of the New York Botanical Garden and professor of botany at Columbia University; he was also president of the American Philosophical Society (1956-1959). Robbins was perhaps the most influential botanist in the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) during the early postwar era, and a principal participant in the plans for the global reconstruction of science.

The Robbins Papers (organized chronologically) contain correspondence, diaries, lectures (including lecture notes from B. M. Duggan's ecology course at Cornell, 1912-1915), notebooks, and photographs, covering nearly every aspect of his scientific career. Although a relatively small collection, it is an exceptionally rich source on the development of agricultural sciences, on the patronage of the life sciences by the Rockefeller Foundation, and on the political and institutional context of science.

Selected correspondence files (Box 1910-1915) include papers from his graduate years at Cornell, correspondence on plant pathology with the United States Department of Agriculture, and with the Alabama Polytechnic Institute's agricultural school, Missouri Botanical Gardens, and the University of Wisconsin. There is material (Box 1916-1927) on plant physiology at the University of Idaho and Johns Hopkins, on World War I (correspondence with J. T. Lloyd, and Robbins's service in the Sanitary Corps), correspondence from the Agricultural Station of Delaware College, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and on botany at Wellesley College.

The boxes dated 1927-1937 contain a wealth of information on Robbins's activities in the NRC and the Rockefeller Foundation. There are several diaries dated between 1927 and 1930, covering Robbins's scientific surveys of the life sciences for the Foundation in almost every country in Europe. These boxes also include materials on plant sciences at the University of Missouri, the University of Cincinnati, and the University of Minnesota. Boxes dated 1937-1945 contain material on the New York Botanical Garden, and a detailed account of plant sciences at the University of Wisconsin (March 31, 1944).

Robbins's expertise on international science was especially important in the postwar era, and there is interesting material on his advisory activities concerning Japan and South America (Boxes 1945-1948 and 1949-1953). Other boxes which cover the 1940s and 1950s include detailed correspondence with A. F. Blakeslee on botany and genetics, on the relation of the plant sciences to war and national needs, and on Russian science and the Lysenko affair. They also contain extensive correspondence with E. B. Wilson on activities within the OSRD and the NAS, and surveys of the effects of World War II on academic science.

Other correspondents include: G.W. Beadle, D.W. Bronk, J.M. Cattell, A. Gregg, R.G. Harrison, F.B. Jewett, J. H. Northrop**, A.N. Richards, and A. Waterman. The Flexner Papers* contain a file (1933-1935) on Robbins's activities in the NRC.

Roe, Anne (1904- ). Psychologist.

Papers, 1953, ca. 6000 items (6 ln.ft.).

During the 1940s Anne Roe (Mrs. George Gaylord Simpson) was working on the book The Making�of a Scientist, which was published in 1953. In it Roe tried to account for the psychological attributes -- intellectual aptitude, emotional make-up, and interests -- which characterized practitioners of the natural sciences, keeping their identities confidential. She collected material on 64 prominent scientists, including transcripts of interviews, Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Tests, personal data, and follow-ups she gathered over a decade later. The collection has two major limitations: 1) there is a ten-year restriction from the date of death of each scientist, thus rendering a number of files inaccessible to scholars at this time; 2) due to Roe's social biases, and the now questionable validity of some of the psychological tools she had relied on, the data and their interpretations require a critical eye. Nevertheless, within these limitations, the available files contain much valuable biographical material (including interesting anecdotes) and scientific bibliographies.

Selected files on scientists in fields related to the life sciences are: L. W. Alvarez, G. W. Beadle, J. W. Beams, J. Bonner, R. E. Cleland, G. W. Corner, E. A. Doisy, J. G. Kirkwood, K. S. Lashley, H. J. Muller, J. H. Northrop**, L. Pauling, T. Sonneborn, W. M. Stanley**, and A. H. Sturtevant.

Roughton, Francis John Worsley (1899-1972). Biophysicist, physiologist.

Papers, ca. 1920s-1960s, ca. 90,000 items (90 ln.ft.).

The researches of the British scientist Francis J. W. Roughton on the physiology of blood and the physical biochemistry of hemoglobin are part of an intellectual tradition which included the British physiologists Joseph Barcroft, J. S. and J. B. S. Haldane, and A. V. Hill. In fact, Barcroft's and Hill's influence on Roughton was akin to mentorship. During the 1920s Roughton worked at Cambridge University on problems of oxygen diffusion in the blood, studies for which he was appointed Lecturer in Physical Biochemistry and in Physico-Chemical Physiology.

Roughton's research during the next four decades generally followed out of his work in the 1920s. That is, his early studies on diffusion were later broadened to include chemical reaction processes, theoretical and experimental analyses of factors that determine the rates of penetration of oxygen and carbon monoxide into red blood cells, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the blood. His measurements of oxygen association curves were important in elucidating the action of hemoglobin. In 1946 Roughton became chairman of the Department of Colloid Science at Cambridge, a center for research on surface chemistry and biophysical chemistry.

Roughton developed a successful research program in England, but was happier in America, where he lectured and conducted research during his extended visits. He spent much of World War II in the United States working on war projects such as carbon monoxide shock and studies in aviation medicine at the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory and the Physiological Laboratory of Columbia's Medical School; he remained associated with military research on blood physiology well past the war. In the 1950s and 1960s he also spent several semesters at the University of Pennsylvania, working closely with his colleague (and former student) Britton Chance**. Because of the close bonds that Roughton had with American science, his papers have been deposited at the APS.

This enormous collection contains notebooks, drafts of papers, manuscripts, lecture notes, calculations, laboratory manuals, annotated books from Roughton's personal library, reprints, photographs, and voluminous correspondence. The Roughton Papers document his research in Cambridge and America, his war activities, and broader aspects of physiology, biophysics, and physical biochemistry.

Having been kept close to its original arrangement, the correspondence (divided into several alphabetically arranged sections) is presently difficult to use. Roughly sketched, boxes containing files 19.00-23.20 include material related to colleagues. There is correspondence with J. Barcroft from the 1940s, material related to Roughton's activities during the war (files 19.03-19.06), long-term correspondence with his student R. L. Berger, and exchanges with J. H. Camroe at the University of Pennsylvania (files 19.1119.23). There is extensive scientific and administrative correspondence between Roughton and Britton Chance** (files 19.43-19.44, 1940-1960s), with J. T. Edsall (files 19.51-19.52, 1940s-1960s), some material on Q. Gibson (20.33-20.80), and two letters (1924 and 1970) from A. V. Hill (file 20.78). There is interesting correspondence with L. Pauling (file 21.60, 1944-1957) and with M. Perutz (files 21.81-21.83, 1950s), two letters from Barcroft, and an important letter from W. B. Cannon* from the 1920s (file 21.91). Files 21.91-21.96 contain material on Roughton's department in the 1940s (including an interesting letter from Hill), and correspondence from the 1920s with Walter M. Fletcher; files 21.98-22.00, 22.13 document his involvement with the military.

Roughton's research on oxygen determinations in blood is reflected in the correspondence with marine physiologist P. F. Scholander (file 22.30-22.32, 1940s-1960s), with D. Van Slyke** (files 22.40-22.43, 1930s1960s), and with J. Wyman (files 22.60-22.62, 1940s-1960s). Files 22.72-22.90 contain photographs of several noted European and American physiologists, and there is valuable correspondence in file 23.20 with F. Haurowitz on the history of hemoglobin research.

In addition to correspondence there are biographical accounts on Roughton (file 42.70), a great deal of material on the Department of Colloid Science (files 41.00-41.30), and on laboratory instruments in physiology and biophysics from the 1930s to the 1960s (file 46.60).

Rous, F. Peyton (1879-1970). Pathologist, virologist. APS 1939.

Papers, ca. 1917-1970, ca. 60,000 items (60 In.ft.).

The papers of Peyton Rous include correspondence, lectures, articles, reports, laboratory records, reprints, and photographs. These materials record in detail Rous's long scientific career and his discoveries which revolutionized several areas in the life sciences. His discovery in 1910 that viruses cause malignant tumors in fowl and his subsequent work in tumor virology linked intellectual and disciplinary trends in medical physiology and bacteriology at the turn of the century with those of molecular biology in the 1950s. The founding of the sub-specialty of tumor virology also reoriented the course of cancer research. His innovative laboratory techniques, especially in tissue culture, advanced the course of cytology and microbiology. The files on Rous (ca.200 files, 1910s-1960s) contain annual reports, lectures, and papers describing these diverse studies.

During World War I, in collaboration with several colleagues at the Rockefeller Institute (notably Oswald H. Robertson), Rous devised methods for preserving human blood through the use of blood banks that made more transfusions possible. This important project is documented in the Oswald H. Robertson correspondence (1917-1960).

In addition to documenting his paradigmatic researches, the collection also contains hundreds of files on the Journal of Experimental Medicine (JEM), of which Rous was an editor from 1921 to 1970. These files contain a wealth of information on editorial policies, referee accounts, scientific controversies, and changing trends in the life sciences. Rous's broader institutional and social influence is reflected in the files on scientific institutions and organizations, including the Rockefeller Institute, the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, the National Academy of Sciences, the National Research Council, and the New York Academy of Medicine.

The Rous Papers also contain material on Rous's Nobel Prize, which he received fifty-six years after his historic discovery, an interesting episode in the history of the life sciences. Rous's correspondence with several colleagues (especially with C. Andrewes), together with the boxes on the Nobel Prize, reveal aspects of the delayed recognition of his contributions, the controversies surrounding the question of whether tumors arose spontaneously or were induced, and the events leading to the final acceptance of his work.

His pioneering role in basic cancer research and his continuous leadership in the field is recorded in numerous files (ca.1920s-1960s) on the J. C. Childs Memorial Fund, the American Cancer Society, the Jackson Memorial Laboratory, and the Sloan-Kettering Institute.

The Rous correspondence is divided into two main sections: 1) personal-professional correspondence, and 2) editorial correspondence (JEM).

Some important correspondents in the first section include: A. C. Abbott (1920s) on interactions between Rous's laboratory and the University of Pennsylvania School of Hygiene and Public Health; C. L. Alsberg (1920s) on aspects of bacteriology in the United States Department of Agriculture Bureau of Chemistry; E. Altenberg (1940s), on problems of the virus theory of cancer; C. Andrews (2 files, 1930s), detailed correspondence on tumor virology; C.F. Angus (1936-1938), on political conditions in Europe; M. Blankenhorn (1930s), administrative correspondence; J. Barcroft (1932); W. B. Cannon* (1920s), important exchanges on scientific and social aspects of research; E. Caspari (1930s), on the intellectual migration; J. M. Cattell (1930s), on Science Service; Childs Memorial Fund; A. Cohn (3 files, ca.1920), on the Rockefeller Institute; G. W. Corner (3 files, 1930s-1960s); H. R. Dean (10 files, ca. 1930s), including information on pathology in England; Euthanasia Society of America (ca. 1930s), contains information on the history of cancer research. S. Flexner* (17 files, ca. 1920-1930s), important administrative and scientific correspondence, especially on disciplinary trends, and women in science; H. Gasser (7 files, 1930s-1940s), institutional aspects, impressions on J. H. Northrop's** research; A. Gregg (4 files, 1920s-1950s), on biomedical research, the Rockefeller Foundation, and social aspects of biomedical sciences (including anti-Semitism); A. Gratia (ca. 1930s); F. B. Hanson (ca. 1930s), on the Rockefeller Foundation and physico-chemical biology; G. de Hevesy (4 files, ca. 1960s); Jackson Memorial Laboratory; K. Landsteiner' (5 files, ca. 1920s-1940s); R. Shope (ca. 1930s-1960); W. Stanley** (ca. 1930s-1960s); H. Zinsser (ca. 1920s1930s); and R Wyckoff** (ca. 1930s-1960s).

The editorial correspondence (selected JEM files) includes: O. T. Avery, F. M. Burnet, E. Chargaff*, S. S. Cohen, R. Dubos, S. Flexner*, F. Haurowitz, M. Heidelberger, F. Horsfall, A. Kabat, R. Lancefield, K. Landsteiner*, J. Loeb**, P. Olitsky*, L. Pauling, T. M. Rivers*, O. H. Robertson, P. Rous*, A. Sabin, J. Salk, F. Seibert*, D. Van Slyke**, G. G. Wright, R. W. Wyckoff**, H. Zinsser.

The Rous collection is complemented by 11 files (1916-1941) in the Flexner Papers* on administrative aspects of the Rockefeller Institute, on activities in professional societies, communications related to the JEM, on Flexner's* visit to Cambridge (1926-1927), and on tumor virology and protein chemistry.

Schultz, Jack (1904-1971). Geneticist, biochemist.

Papers, 1920-1971, ca. 25,000 items (27.5 ln.ft.).

Jack Schultz was the last graduate student to earn his doctorate under Thomas H. Morgan at Columbia (1929), joining his mentor at the new biology division at the California Institute of Technology (1929-1936, 1940-1942). Although trained as a geneticist, Schultz began combining classical Drosophila genetics with gene chemistry as early as 1930, when American genetics and biochemistry had little common ground. He also appreciated the significance of nucleic acids in heredity at a time when the protein view of the gene was dominant.

These research interests led Schultz in 1936 to a long-term collaboration with the Swedish biochemist Torbj�rn Caspersson** on studies of nucleic acids in relation to genetics (a collaboration reflected in 11 files of correspondence, ca. 1930s-1970), and to Schultz's move to the Department of Genetics and Cytochemistry at the Institute for Cancer Research in Philadelphia (1943-1969). His research program was therefore an important link between classical and molecular genetics, and between pure and applied research.

Raised in New York's intellectual milieu, Schultz's temperament inclined him toward synthesis of scientific knowledge. His strength lay in organizing research and in identifying original problems and researchers. He did not enjoy writing, and did not publish or correspond prolifically; the Schultz Collection reflects this pattern in his career. There are lectures, research data, grants, and considerable material on his activities in the American Cancer Society (1945-1970), American Institute for Biological Sciences (1962-1970), American Society of Naturalists (3 files, 1963-1971), Genetics Society of America (3 files, ca. 1960s), National Institutes of Health (1951-1965), National Research Council (1933-1970), the National Academy of Sciences (1947-1957), and the Rockefeller Foundation (19341950). There is also material related to conferences, international congresses, and several journals in the life sciences.

Some of the major correspondents are: J. Alexander (1941-1946), on genes as colloids; G. W. Beadle (1946-1970); David Bonner (1948-1962); James Bonner (1954-1969); T. Caspersson** (11 files, 1937-1970); M. Demerec* (2 files, 1929-1966), on genetics, Cold Spring Harbor*, and molecular biology; T. Dobzhansky (3 files, 1929-1969); B. Ephrussi (19341968); J. B. S. Haldane (1933-1936); A. Hollaender* (1944-1969); J. Lederberg (1958-1967); B. McClintock (1942-1951); D. Mazia (1941-1970), on nucleic acids; A. E. Mirsky (3 files, 1948-1963), mostly correspondence related to the journal The Cell; J. Monod (1938); T. H. Morgan (2 files, 1929-1943); H. J. Muller (1941-1967); T. Sonneborn (1945-1960), scientific correspondence; C. Stern (1930-1969); K. G. Stern (1944-1951), on physico-chemical genetics; E. Sutton (1940-1943), on nucleic acids and chromosomes; E. L. Tatum (1945-1969).

Seibert, Florence Barbara (1897- ). Biochemist.

Papers, 1920-1970s, ca. 5000 items (4 ln.ft.).

The papers of Florence Barbara Seibert -- correspondence, reports, and manuscripts -- afford an opportunity to learn a great deal about her work on the tubercle baciilus at the Phipps Institute of the University of Pennsylvania (1932-1959). Her fundamental studies, which combined theories and techniques of protein chemistry, microbiology, and immunology established an international standard for diagnosis of tuberculosis and led to methods for a safe use of intravenous medication and blood transfusions. The Seibert Collection also contains material on her later interest in cancer research at the Veterans' Administration Hospital in St. Petersburg, Florida. Taken together, these two research programs document interesting aspects of basic biochemical research within a medical context.

Because of its clinical relevance, Seibert's research on the tubercle bacillus was of immense interest to pharmaceutical houses. Her papers are therefore a valuable source on the cooperation between academic biochemists and the drug industries. There is correspondence with Eli Lilly Research Laboratories (2 files, 1934-1956) on supply of filtrates, and with E. R. Long (18 files, 1924-1974), which documents Seibert's work with pharmaceutical companies. The communications with Merck, Sharpe & Dohme (8 files, 1926-1968), are informative on contracts, equipment, and production, as is the correspondence with Parke-Davis & Co. (6 files, 1932-1975).

The Seibert Collection is also an important source on the history of women in science. A graduate of Goucher College (1920), Seibert received her doctorate from Yale in 1924 under Lafayette B. Mendel. She then joined H. G. Wells at the biochemistry department at the University of Chicago, where she worked until her move to the Phipps Institute in 1932. A recipient of several prestigious awards and fellowships, Seibert has been rather atypical as a woman scientist of the 1920s and 1930s in terms of recognition (though she did not attain full professorship until 1955, long after her accomplishments had established her as a leading expert in her held). A highly productive scientist, she was well connected within the international community of biochemists. She was also committed to the cause of women in science and communicated with other women working in the life sciences. The correspondence reflects her secure place in the main-stream of biochemistry, as well as her special position as a woman in science.

Some of the correspondents include: American Association of University Women (1943, 1972); American Chemical Society (4 files, 1942-1977), including material on her Garvan Gold Medal; R. J. Anderson (1934-1950); E. J. Cohn** (2 files, 1934-1947); Irene C. Diller (10 files, 1950s-1960s), scientific and personal communications; Lydia Edwards; Emily W. Emmart (1944-1945); Goucher College (6 files, 1917-1940s); Guggenheim Foundation (1930s), on Seibert's fellowship to Uppsala; M. Heidelberger (2 files, 1931-1944); F. G. Hopkins (1928-1929); K. Landsteiner" (1934-1941); E. R. Long (18 fiies, 1924-1974), scientific and administrative correspondence; L. B. Mendel (4 files, 1920-1934); R. O. Pedersen (1938-1973); A. N. Richards (1943-1945); Florence R. Sabin (5 files, 1933-1951), mostly scientific correspondence; J. B. Sumner (1937-1955); T. Svedberg** (2 files, 1932-1949); A. Tiselius** (5 files, 1938-1961); University of Pennsylvania (4 files, 1934-1958); H. G. Wells (1923-1943); J. W. Williams** (6 files, 1938-1948).

Severinghaus, Elmer Louis (1894-1980) Biochemist.

Correspondence, 1920-1945, ca.100 items

The scientific career of Elmer Louis Severinghaus may be divided into three main phases: 1921-1945, as professor of physiological chemistry and professor of clinical medicine at the University of Wisconsin; 1945-1958, as director of research at Hoffmann-La Roche; and 1958-1965, as professor of public health and nutrition and associate director of the Institute of Nutrition Sciences at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University. The third phase included extensive travel to developing countries as a teacher and consuItant for international projects in nutrition. After retiring, Severinghaus was chief nutritional consultant to the Church World Service. The Severinghaus Papers cover the first phase of his career: his research program in metabolism, endocrinology, and insulin physiology at the University of Wisconsin.

Although the collection is small and limited to letters written to Severinghaus, it is a helpful source on the growth of biochemistry and nutrition in an institutional context where agricultural and medical research intersected -- Biochemistry, nutrition, and physiology at the University of Wisconsin developed in close cooperation with the region's food and drug industries, and the papers contain interesting correspondence on issues related to industrial research, contracts, and patents.

Selected correspondents include: Association for the Study of Internal Secretions (later renamed The Endocrine Society); H. Bradley (1920s), on physiological chemistry at Wisconsin; W. B. Cannon* (1936); T. M. Carpenter (1927), scientific correspondence; A. Carrel (1930s), scientific correspondence; K. K. Chen (1924), on Union Medical College in Peking; G. W. Corner (1940); P. de Kruif (1944); C. K. Drinker (1929), scientific and administrative correspondence; G. A. Harrop (1937), on setting up pharmaceutical research at Squibb; R. G. Hoskins (1934), on policies of the Association for the Study of Internal Secretions; E. Hume (1920), on teaching and research opportunities in biochemistry in China; A. C. Kinsey (1946), on establishing sex and behavior research at Indiana University; T. G. Klumpp (1939), on scientists as experts on Policies of the Food and Drug Administration; C.D. Leake (1944), on aspects of cooperative research and Severinghaus's goals at Hoffmann-La Roche; E. M. Nelson (1942), on advisory activities for the Food and Drug Administration; A. N. Richards (1942), on activities related to CMR (Committee on Medical Research); W. H. Sebre11(1943), on the policy of the U.S. Public Health Service of adding vitamin D to milk; E. Shorr (1940), on the Symposium on Menopause; C. S. Slicher (1930), on issues of parents surrounding the cooperation between the dairy industries and biochemical nutrition at the University of Wisconsin; B. Sure (1937), on the relationship between nutrition, agriculture, and medicine; F. B. Talbot (1934), on controversies surrounding patent rights; W. Weaver (1934), on the relationship between endocrinoiogy and behavior within the Rockefeller Foundation's program of physico-chemical biology; R. M. Wilder (1939), on insulin research; Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (1930s), on insulin research; R. M. Yerkes (1934), on research on endocrinology and behavior.

Wilson, Edmund Beecher (1856-1939). Biologist, zoologist. APS 1888.

Notebooks, 4 vols.

E. B. Wilson was a highly prolific biologist and a central figure within the network of scientists (among them Flexner*, Morgan, Whitman, Lillie**, and Loeb**) who built up American biology at the turn of the century. His scientific career, first at Bryn Mawr College and then at Columbia University, evolved through three major research phases; these developments mirrored some of the wider trends in American biology as it moved from descriptive to experimental modes of inquiry. The first period, 1879-1891, was concerned with descriptive embryology, morphology, and cell lineage. The second phase, 1891-1903, focused on experimental embryology, differentiation, and artificial parthenogenesis. Between 1903 and 1938, Wilson (with frequent interactions with Morgan's Drosophila group nearby) directed his energies to problems of the cellular basis of heredity. His grand synthesis, The Cell in Inheritance and Development (1900, 1925), and the many students he trained shaped the course of experimental biology.

Wilson's papers do not seem to have been preserved, with the exception of these fragments of records from his graduate courses at Columbia. The materials include a private journal (1903-1928), a ledger containing administrative information on Columbia's department of zoology, and records of graduate students (among them A. F. Shull, J. Schultz*, H. J. Muller, C. B. Bridges, A. H. Sturtevant, R. Lancefield, and C. Stern). The various details on course enrollments, requirements, exams, and assistants, combined with Wilson's two notebooks (with observations and drawings) form a vivid record of the early period of academic biology in America. These materials are complemented by Wilson's scientific and administrative correspondence in the Flexner Papers* (3 files, 1915-1939).